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A JOURNAL FOR MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, FOUNDERS, BOILER MAKERS, PATTERN MAKERS AND BLACKSMITHS. 
VOL. 9, No. 28. t. WEEKLY. NEW YORK, JULY 10, 1886. $2.50 per Annum. SINGLE COPIES, aS CENTS. 
COPYRIGHT 1886, BY AMERICAN MA.CIIINIST PUBLISHING COMPANY. 
For Sale Everywhere by Newsdealers. ENTERED AT POST OFFICE, NEW YORK, AS SECOND CLASS 'MATTER. 
Sloan and Chance Gear Cutter. 

We present upon this page, and on page 2, engravings of this machine, which is built by Gould & Eberhardt, Newark, N. J. Since il-lustrating the machine as made at the time of our issue of March 31, 1883, it has been by no means thought " good enough " by the inventors, but such changes and alterations as have shown themselves to be of merit, have been adopted, which have led to im-provements in the whole general construction. The main frame being one casting, is very stiff, with the metal well distributed where most needed, to withstand the severe strains in cutting wheels of large diameter and coarse pitches. Upon the horizontal ways, which are accurately scraped, fits a slide, upon which works the cutter slide. The lower slide is worked horizontally by means of a screw, which is especially useful

 as the whole working slide can be brought out to the face of the gear. The cutter slide, and all other working slides, have been en-larged in length and wearing surface. The mechanism for operating the cutter slime is of an entirely different construction froill the one formerly employed, and affords more \cearing surface to the parts, and works to bettq advantage. Through this arrange-ment an anlimited variation of speed can be obtained for feeding the cutter through the various etals, viz. : steel, wrought iron, cast-iron nd brass. It is also essential that there should be variable feeds adapted to these principal metals, both as to economy in cost of production and the duration of the milling cutter, which in most instances is - aluable. This is accomplished by using any _iie or combination of the forty-eight regu-lar change wheels, which produces a feed not dependent entirely on the friction of belts, etc. , when cutting coarse pitches. The construction of the cutter arbor bear-ing is such that the greatest firmness and wearing capacity are obtained when cutting, as well as the convenient and exact adjustment laterally of the arbor, to suit various thick-nesses of cutters. The bearing, which is square in shape, and adjusted by means of rack and pinion, is in halves and scraped. a perfect bearing to arbor. A self-oiling arrangement, whereby the entire length of arbor is kept continu-ously oiled, is also attached. The cutter arbor is strongly geared. The cutter slide is elevated to the various angles of degrees, by a worm quadrant. The various degrees are accurately given on the opposite quadrant. The sliding head is large in all its propor-tions, working in accurately fitted ways its entire length. The barrel on a 60" machine is 4A-" diame-ter, the spindle or mandrel being 2,8„ ' diame-ter. The head is adjustable vertically by nAns of a screw, to the 1o-la-0- part of an inch. In all machines of this nature the accuracy with which a blank is spaced is dependent entirely upon the wbrm wheel (provided all other parts --- 14 ' in-saactull-.;0$4.-t. too 
• — 
ty. .!lbr emits Li osp• ' 1:tir  • q uick adiu Hi *11)._ • L'Aci-nriet,-* slid At, 

UtJULIU Uy 111U1LIMUe 01 WOEUIS, 1,101, 111U.C11. Now this is very discouraging to the seeker for information, and yet it is not wondered at when we take into consideration the amount of labor and study which has been devoted to the subject, by those engaged in the business, and it is not too much to say that even the best informed on the subject are very far from perfection, inasmuch as they are con-. stantly called upon to change their mixtures on account of the variations in the different shipments of iron. To attempt to give a formula for universal adoption by saying, " So much of No. 2 to so much of No. 5, and 
1111111111111111 

so on," is sheer nonsense, for the simple reason that when you receive a consignment of iron from the furnace which was ordered to be No. 4, you will find that no less than three or four grades of iron have been ship-peed to you, making it utterly impossible to follow any prescription, based on the number of the iron alone. The trouble can be over-- come after this manner : After first settling in your own mind what particular grade shall be called No. 1 and No. 6, with their intermediate numbers according to grade, you may then make from your own experience mixtures that will be intelligible to yourself, but would be useless to any one unacquainted with your methods of number-ing. But this is not all that enters into the successful making of rolls, or anything else that requires special mixtures If it were at all times profitable and convenient to use new iron, the business might soon be learned not cost nearly twice as much as coal in and by adopting the method suggested above. near coal-producing districts. It is only All foundrymen of experience are aware when coal has to be carried long distances that large quantities of scraps (from brhcen that oil can be economically substituted for rolls and other castings made from charco ordinary steam-making purposes. iron) accumulate and must be worked up, and it is right here that the skill and judg-Many a machine is ruined in reputation by ment of the mixer is put to the test, and I being placed in the hands of incompetent know of nothing which demonstrates the im-users. The following from a book published practibility of making a set of standard mix-by well-known manufacturers expresses more tures more than the fact that. whilst some truth than is usually found in the same num- of the scrap may be open grained and very ber of lines : We do not particularize ; it soft, other specimens will be perfectly white is unnecessary : " If the reader has carefully and brittle as glass, and yet some of our ex-followed the,gopstrution of the machine up perts insist on their mixtures being correct, to this pobit .he may see little else, if any- which tell you to put in a certain proportire thing, to be done towards securing a long- of scrap. Again, it common amongst rr,, ° tic lived machine, yet our part as builders se- ers to say when a roll turns out 44\9 cures but one-half this object. The other ,thi, opposite, " Oh, there ought pieces 
EBERHARDT'S IMPROVED AUTOMATIC GEAR CUTTER. 
entirely, which is desirable for testing large wheels. The lock shaft always makes one revolu-tion ; the proper spacing is accomplished through the change wheels. The worm-wheel is held locked for the cutting of each tooth, and where properly set mistakes can-not occur. All slides and adjustments are graduated. These machines are made in five sizes ranging with a capacity of cutting from 251' to 84" in diameter, and will perform equally as well at their greatest capacity on coarse pitches as on smaller diameters and the finest pitches. enraving on page 2 represents the new 18" automatic ear cutter for cutting spur gears' It has worm dividing whettlpin two sectien44,•same as the larger machines ; a able dial feed, yer • uick, return ;--lf must be attended to 1,y the _u_,:recr,oaolf le more car ' in tha."`rek ,use r\irc1.11Tie However well ',- -achine r -rwhec!'  26' will b, •  we , , "'F'''eted, if it is 'nr—
tlas be() ' ,, - _,.., ina, 4.1-ecti 'bir material' 

when cutting bevel gears having long hubs cast on them, as the whole working slide can be brought out to the face of the gear.

The cutter slide, and all other working slides, have been en-larged in length and wearing surface. The mechanism for operating the cutter slitAe is of an entirely different construction from the one formerly employed, and affords more wearing surface to the parts, and works to better advantage. Through this arrange-ment an unlimited variation of speed can be obtained for feeding the cutter through the various metals, viz. : steel, wrought iron, cast-iron v,nd brass. It is also essential that 
diameter ; this, together with constructing the wheel in two sections securely bolted together, insures a true dividing wheel, whereby the most deceptive inaccuracies are detected. An iron casing protects the wheel from dirt and foreign particles, which are apt to lodge in the teeth when unprotected. The worm shaft is of steel ; the bearings are adjustable for compensating any lost motion which might take place, or the worm may be withdrawn from the dividing wheel 

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 
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different metals and pitches to be cut. It is calculated for those desiring an accurate machine for spur gears from 18" down to 0, and to cut from 6 diametral pitch down to the finest. The column is hollow and pro-vided as a receptacle for change wheels and cutters. 
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The receipt of numerous communications asking as to the relative cost of petroleum and coal for steam-making leads us to say once again that there is no evidence that oil will 

1110141 mm, 

Mixture for Rolls. 
BY S. BOLLAND. 
The question is often asked by foundry-men " What is the best mixture for rolls ?" and again, " Why cannot we have a regular' set of mixtures, gotten up by some one who has had large experience in this class of work ?" Go where you will, you are met by these enquiries, and (strange as it may seem) no answer comes, at least none that is intel-ligible to the average moulder. Some have tried to give what purported to be the right mixture, made up of so much of " this," to so much of " that," supplementing the formula by saying that good rolls were made at such a place by the mixtures given. Again, you go into shops where they make a specialty of rolls, and ask for their mixtures, and naturally, they shake their heads, and express by the look they give, as well as they could by a multitude of words, " Not much." Now this is very discouraging to the seeker for information, and yet it is not wondered at when we take into consideration the amount of labor and study which has been devoted to the subject, by those engaged in the business, and it is not too much to say that even the best informed on the subject are very far from perfection, inasmuch as they are con-stantly called upon to change their mixtures on account of the variations in the different shipments of iron. To attempt to give a formula for universal adoption by saying, " So much of No. 2 to so much of No. 5, and 

 

AMERICAN MACHINIST  pg 2
MACHINIST MAY 8, 1886

   if any, have arisen, as far as our trade is con-cerned, that might not have been averted by timely judicious counsels. None are pending now that are not susceptible of compromise on a basis which will be mutually satisfactory. Having at last discovered by experience that there is an equitable method by which labor disputes can be thoroughly and permanently pacified, it is hoped that the principle of arbitration will be_adopted as a preventive rather than as of discords.—Shoe and Leather Repo, .e'') 

Slotting Too Handy Locomotive Kinks. 
BY J. J. BINGLEY. 
I send you sketch of a tool for a slotting machine, designed by Mr. L. C. Petrican, act-ing M. M. of the C. & 0. railway shops at Richmond, Va. Fig. 1 shows the device. It is so simple and yet I think equal to the best I have seen. The round tool holder is held in two half round clamps, and by slacking the nuts the tool holder can be raised, lowered or turned in any direction. The hole for the tool is beveled a little to allow the tool to relieve itself on the return _stroke, the small spiral spring pressing it to its place. The shoulders on top of the clamps keep them from slipping down when nuts are slacked. One is surprised when looking at the many different kinds of lubricators for steam cylin-ders, especially for locomotives. Some use open cups, where the fireman can walk out ou footboard and pour in a supply of oil at every down grade. I remember when this style of oiler used to get its blessings, when in snow and rain the poor fireman had to hold on with one hand, at the risk of his life, while working his way to the front. But those days are past. Next, the cups were placed in the cab, and pipes were run inside or outside the casing. These often got stopped up, and caused trouble by the tallow not being clean. Then came sight feeders, and cylinder oil. While tallow had its faults, in the way of corroding bolts and joints, yet as a lubricant itkwas svi,erior to any thing made since. One great trouble with most of the sight feeders, is the many valves to leak and grind, and the glasses to break. I saw about half a dozen sight feed cups lying in a window of a round-house, all of no use on account of broken glasses. My rule has been, the H1111I1lest cup and the shortest Pilo. 
down, but the acid would eat into the thread and soon the screws would get loose, and jump up just as the valve came sliding along and pop goes the bridge in the seat, or else valve stem or rock arm breaks. I got tired of that foolishness and I made my pattern like Fig. 5, large enough to cover the steam chest joint, and put steam chest down on it, and when I wanted to face the valve, I could take both valve and seat to the planing machine, and save time and files. The holes for steam inlet I drilled as if cast in they sometimes cracked in shrinking. The plate under joint was about r thick. I put in two steady pins to keep it in place even with the ports. A'simple device for a lid on sand pipe of a locomotive is often valuable in saving time when sand won't run. In Fig. 6, by raising the lid, a wire can be run up or down the pipe, and often saves trouble of emptying sand box. I will just mention one more tool which I 
Hydrostatic Pipe Making—Electric Cable figured by the softer metal, which simply squeezes them out of shape. The cylinder in which copper or brass is The drop and hydrostatic presses have to a placed to be forced through an orifice, by a great extent driven the lathe spinner out of follower or piston which fits it accurately, is the manufacture of tin, copper and brass stretched, and the piston is upset by the softer culinary utensils. metal. Even a steel piston would be spoiled Many other forms of brass' and copper in this manner, if the cylinder is made goods are now pressed into shape, and in the to resist the strain without manufacture of lead and tin pipe hydrostatic pressure plays an important part. John Robertson & Co., Brooklyn, N. Y., in a shop bearing the suggestive sign of " Tubal Cain Iron Works," employ about twenty men in making hydraulic presses, machinery for making electric light carbons, and in cov-ering electric wire cables with a lead armor. By means of powerful presses, similar to those used in making pipe, lead is forced through a die, together with the cable, which is covered during the operation. The immense power necessary for this pur-pose may be comprehended by comparing 
Armor. .strong enough breaking. 
It is stated that " the grips used on the St. Louis cable street railway have been found lacking in holding power, and are all being overhauled." It seems to be the case with a number of grips, that they either slip or hold so well that the cable is seriously damaged. There is a chance for the inventor in the grip business. The " happy medium " has not yet gripped on. 

•Rats. BY ROBERT E. MASTERS. 
If the amount of damage done by rats and mice in destroying moulds, cores, and the amount of flour they eat and waste in a year in the foundries throughout the United States, especially in the smaller shops where no pre-caution is taken to guard against them, could be shown in dollars and cents, we should see a figure that would make any of us independ-ent. A few incidents which have come under my observation will be of interest and perhaps a source of profit to foundrymen who are annoyed with these pests. I know of several instances where a great deal of trouble and annoyance were caused by rats getting into core ovens. When the ovens were opened in the morning it would be found that the rats had got on the shelves and destroyed a number of cores to get the flour that had been mixed with the sand, or the paste that had been used in joining cores together, and this would be continued night after night until a generous dose of "Rough on rats" had been administered. This would prove a temporary relief until another colony made the foundry their headquarters. Upon investigation in each of these eases, great holos could in 1 ho cow oven next to foundali.n NVI11,111 1 hitr111ri 1111.1I burrowed under. ha's ()nee neeui red io if I 111141 it, eon) ..■01 to 1.1111.1 I %visollt1 Intl, mom.+ thin crud trust platy.,

.aro past. Noxt, tlio cups woro placed in tho cal), fool pipes were run inside or outside the casing. These often got stopped up, and caused trouble by the tallow not being clean. Then came sight feeders, and cylinder oil. While tallow had its faults, in the way of corroding bol'..s and joints, yet as a lubricant it svi,erior to any thing made since. One great trouble with most of the sight feeders, is the many valves to leak and grind, and the glasses to break. I saw about half a dozen sight feed cups lying in a window of a round-house, all of no use on account of broken glasses. My rule has been, the simplest cup and the shortest pipe. For a long time I used a plain Dreyfus quart cup, set just behind the smoke stack, screwed into a brass casting, which was screwed into top of smoke arch, and a pipe led from each side to steam chests. The one cup oiled both cylinders. The tube inside cup was raised, or lowered to suit. In winter, when very cold, I put a box around them so they did not feed too fast. This was the simplest and most satisfactory cup or device I ever got. Labor saving tools are nowhere found so valuable about a railway as in the round house, where work must often be done in the shortest possible time. I was disgusted some time ago by seeing a man grinding in a 

whistle valve with a long screw-driver. He ground 10 or 12 hours at it. With a brace and screw driver bit he could have made a better job in 30 minutes. Men often lose time hunting for a bar to run through the spokes of diiving wheels to hold up connecting rods when taking off the straps and brasses, when a simple prop, like Fig. 2, will answer every purpose, and don't skin the paint off the wheels. It is made of oak, 5 feet long, 3" x Bore holes 14" apart, then saw them out on an incline ; make a clevis of 21' iron and bolt it to the block. Don't forget to bore a hole in one end of the rig, and hang it up when not in use. A Jim Crow is a very useful tool for setting 3 eccentric rods, or other flat bars, without g them to blacksmith shop, as shown in N\ very handy tool for lifting off s or turning eccentrics on the e setting, will be found in Fig. 4. 

arce of trouble is 

SLOTTING TOOL AND LOCOMOTIVE KINKS. 
have found very useful for taking pistons out of crossheads. I have often seen men with nuts on end of piston, and a chisel against the wrist pin, drive until the pin had been bruised and ruined before the rod would start. A long steel key, like Fig. 7, is made to go in the key slot, but about narrow, and by putting small pieces of round steel on the back of the hole, top and bottom of cross-head, zind a piece in center of piston rod on opposite side, the rod can be easily re-moved without injury. The most important part about these tools is to have a place for them, and always have them in place, when not in use. I know this seems to be a wonderful hard lesson for some men to learn, for just where they use tools they throw them down, and when they want them again, they never can find them. A good man never works with bad tools, ()1.d'eftees and a careless Tre-,i1 never has anv, but is Drilling s- a ',ft " --ny 
4..448. I 7,t9 
%Iv 
the work done in pipe making with that done in wire drawing. Here the reduction is gradual ; the metal is reduced in section, little by little, with an-nealing and a period of rest between each operation. In the cable-covering operation, as in pipe-making, the metal must be reduced at one operation to the desired size, giving no chance for the metal to rest until it is in its finished shape. To make brass and copper tubing as lead pipe is made, has been a problem which Mr. Robertson has not yet been able to solve. The amount of power necessary to force brass or copper through a die is easily obtained, as the power the hydrostatic press is capable of developing is virtually unlimited. The difficulty to be overcome 'ies in ob-taining a mould or form which wlit staid the requisite pressure. As yet, nothing has been made which will stand the strain of 'rag a 
brass, whi t 

• ca 
WOM 011,1111,11 iii 11►4 no it would he found that tl.,) rats had got on the shelves and des '''.1umber of cores to get the flour that *hit ,n mixed with the sand, or the paste that had been used in joining cores together, and this would be continued night after night until a generous dose of "Rough on rats" had been administered. This would prove a temporary relief until another colony made the foundry their headquarters. Upon investigation in each of these cases, great holes could be seen in the core oven next to the foundation where the rats had burrowed under. It has often occurred to me, if I had a core oven to build I would put some thin cast-iron plates all around outside of the founda-tion, having the edge come upon a level with or a little above the brickwork and extend 18" or even 2' below the surface. This, I think, would make the core oven secure against the intrusion of rats from that direc-tion at least. A certain large foundry firm used to buy their flour (mostly damaged) in lots of twenty to twenty-five barrels at a time, and keep it locked up in their warerooms. In nearly every lot they would come across a barrel or two that had rat holes gnawed through near the bottom, from which the flour had been pretty well cleaned out and scattered around. After having had experience of this kind in two lots, they built a bin for their flour and lined it inside and out with sheet iron. Foundrymen who buy flour in small quanti-ties, a barrel or a couple of sacks at a time, will find it profitable to make a tank of heavy sheet iron to hold that quantity, and have a cast iron plate to cover over the top. In a foundry that cast twice a week, a 48" pulley was moulded and a bottom board used that had a small hole burned through it, but as the hole did not come directly under the hub, and there was a good depth of sand between the bottom board and hub, the moulder deemed it safe to lige it. When the iron was poured in it came through bottom, right from the start, as fast as it was poured in. After trying in vain to st ,p it up underneath, it was given When the cope was lifted off, the cause „ ;.0 " en Eats or mice had dug in th 
and had made prepay.„ • 
in one of the pulley ar, 1w stock of paper, shavings a 411" 
ttft-- 9 '5911 C)3:•/LialI1,71116.TIOT.T 3;11=t11:11 

one in which they cast every other day. When the men would come to the shop in the morning after the first day's moulding had been done, they would find the sand piled up on top of a number of the moulds, around the gates, and as fine as if it had been sieved through a parting sand riddle. On investiga-tion it was impossible to tell what the moulds had been intended for, as they would be all burrowed through and cut up. Everything that could be thought of was done to prevent it ; the use of flour and molasses was stopped in the shop, and rosin and sour beer substi-tuted in their place for making cores, and still the same thing continued, and what puzzled them most was, it occurred alike in moulds that had no cores in them as well as those that contained cores. One day at noon time the writer was in the shop when the men were eating their dinner on their floors, and noticed that fragments of bread, pieces of pork rind, etc.. would fall or be thrown on the floor. In shoveling up the floors after dinner these fragments would be shoveled either into the flasks or sand heaps. It was suggested that the men be invited to eat their dinner somewhere else, besides ou their floors. After that they ate their dinner in the wood shop next to the foundry, and in a short time the trouble ceased. 
Making Elbows, Bends and. Branch Pipes in Loam.   BY S. BOLLAND. 
After a long experience on this class of work, and having tried many plans to make pipes in loam, I have concluded that the plan hero represented is the best. We will sup-pose the pipe to be made is in the form of the one shown at Fig. 3, 24u diameter and 1-i" thick. First, let your templet be as wide as the outside diameter of pipe wanted, and cast it stronger than you would if needed only for a core. Should you be going to run your pipe on the top, let there be holes cast in plate, through which your gates will pass ; for, as will be seen at A, Fig. 1, your core plate is to be the covering plate. You must also cast holes over each flange for risers, as well as for the staples shown at II, Fig. 1. These staples will be east, in the yore iron, 1IN shown by broken lino+ a pliteeri its ILI Hooded make sure that it is strong enough to stand the handling without springing. To turn over the core, clamp core and plate together and roll over on soft sand. Remove plate and suspend your core over foundation plate at the place most suitable for lifting and binding, and as much above it as will admit of a brick between it and the flanges, as seen at C, Fig. 1. Now with dry brick to all the bear-ings, taki.1,; are to have your core level; place 3 'ur chaplet from bottom plate to stud, as show u at 13, Fig. 2, and when all is firm and level you can lower off. The chaplet here mentioned is simply a straight piece of fl." iron, nicked at end which enters casting, which is built in and remains. By this means absolute correctness is. assured in thickness when you close the mould. You have now got your half core in posi-tion for building around, but it is best to put on the upper half. Find place for stud and set it into sweep (see E, Fig. 2). You will observe that I have shown, first, the stud, which is high enough to admit of a piece of wood 1r1 thick, 4" square, on which is placed a thin piece of wrought iron, the idea being to save the trouble of releasing the stud when cast, as by the time the wrought iron is hot enough to burn the wood the metal will be set, and all danger of the core lifting over. 

Prob. 21 Prob. gg Prob. 23 Prob. 24 
Fig. 96 
chord, and a b a perpendicular passing through the center of the chord. Now, plac-ing the square in position 1, and drawing a line along the edge a b on a piece of wood previously forced in the hole, and then plac-ing the same square in any other position as 2, and again drawing a line along the edge a b, the point of intersection of these two lines on the wood will be the center required. Problem 13. 127. TO DIVIDE A GIVEN STRAIGHT LINE INTO ANY NUMBER OF EQUAL PARTS. Fig. 99. Let A F be the given straight line; it is required to divide this line into five equal parts. From one extremity as A of the given line draw a straight line A At of any convenient length, it may be longer or shorter than the given line A B. The line A M may also incline more or less towards the line A F; or in other words the angle formed by the lines A M and A F may be of any magnitude. But, practically, for obtaining accurate re-sults, and for the sake of convenience it is always best to draw the line A M in such a position in which it will form with the line A F, an angle less than a right angle an angle of about 30 degrees will give good results. On the line A M lay off any convenient length, as A II, and from the point II lay off on the line A M four equal parts, H I J, J K and K L, each equal to A H. Join the points L and F by a straight line, L F. Through the points H, I, J and K draw straight lines parallel to the line L F; these lines will intersect the line A F in the points B, C, D and E, and divide the given line A F into five equal parts. It will be noticed that the lines A F, A L and F L (Fig. 99) form a triangle. Now, in geometry it is proved that if in a tri-angle as A L F, lines K E, J D, etc., are drawn parallel to one of its sides, F L, so as 
A Fig. 97 Fig. 9S Fig. 101 C ) Fig. 107 

Problem 14. 128. To DIVIDE A GIVEN LINE INTO PARTS WHICH 
SHALL BE PROPORTIONAL TO ANY GIVEN LINES. Let D in Fig, 100 be the given line, it is required to divide the line D E into parts which shall be proportional to the lines A, B and C shown in Fig. 101. From the extremity D of the given line D E, (Fig. 100), draw a straight line D F, whose length is greater than the sum of the three lines A, B and C. The angle formed by the lines D F and D E may be of any magnitude ; but in order to obtain conveniently accurate results, draw the line D F in a position in which it will form, with the lineD Eau angle less than a right angle. From the point D on the line D F, Jay off a distance D G equal to the length of the line A ; from the point lay off on the same line a distance G H equal Fig. 102 IC A Fig. 104 manner. In the lower part of the same space draw a line D E as shown in Fig. 100, the length of this line should be either greater or less than the sum of the three lines A, B and C previously drawn in this space. Then di-vide the line D E into parts which will be proportional to A, B and C as explained in this article. Draftsman's Method.—For dividing a line proportionally to other given lines, draftsmen either adopt this geometrical method, or obtain the same result by calculation. Definitions. It is now necessary to give the following definitions. The student should not pass over these hastily, but should commit them to memory. 129. In the definition given in article 28 we see that a plane figure is a plane bounded or terminated on all sides by lines. Now, if the boundary lines are straight, the space which they contain is called a rectilineal figure, or polygon, and the sumof the bound-ing lines is the perimeter of the polygon. 130. A polygon of three sides is called a triangle ; a polygon of four sides is called a quadrilateral ; that of five sides is called a pentagon ; and that of six, a hexagon, etc. 131. An equilateral polygon is one whose sides are all equal in length. See Fig. 102. 132. An equiangular polygon is one whose angles at A, B and C formed by the sides are all equal. See Fig. 102. 133. A regular polygon is a polygon which is both equilateral and equiangular, as shown in Fig 102, C 
Fig. 105, which cuts the circumference of a circle in two points. 140. A tangent is a straight line as A B, Fig. 106, which touches the circumference in one point only. This point is called the point of tangency, or the point of contact. 140. Two circles are said fo be tangent to ( ach other when they touch each other in one point as shown in Fig. 107. This point is called the point of tangency or the point of contact. 142. A polygon is said to be circumscribed about a circle when all of its sides are tangent to the circumference. Thus in Fig. 108 the triangle A B C is said to be circumscribed about the circle, because each of its sides, A B, B C and A C touch the circle in one point. 143. A circle is said to be inscribed in a polygon when its circumference touches all the sides of the polygon as showOlyn Fig. 108.  The latest rumor of the un rsal possi-bilities of the South are in the irection of the " Cranberry " mine in North Carolina. It is claimed that this mine is practically inex-haustible, and that the ore is exactly suited to the manufacture of Bessemer steel. Large coal fields are said to be near at hand. This makes a combination that beats a gold or silver mine by odds. We hope that half that is said of coal and iron in North Carolina and adjacent parts of Tennessee is true. The drawback to a complete belief is that this somewhat astonishing news comes out in connection with the building of a railroad. throw on parting sand and build up to joint, as shown in Fig. 2, leaving about for loam. At C, Fig. 3, is shown plan of cope ring which must be made strong. The ring is made by laying templet on level bed and marking 14" clear of outside, also allowing good clearance at ends. In bedding cope ring have it suspended over your mould all clean, and then lay on your loam a little higher than the half , Throw on plenty of parting sand and bed down the ring ; mark and lift off again. You now go round with your trowel making the joint to correspond with the bottom of ring ; this gives you a perfect joint. After throwing on a little more parting sand, clay wash inside of ring and put back. Fill in between ring and pattern, and build as shown at G, Fig. 2. I have been careful in making these draw-ings to show the whole plan of building. At II is seen chaplet resting on stud, which reaches just high enough to admit of a flat wrought-iron plate being placed upon it. The mud of course covers this as it does the brickwork when the top plate is bedded on. The broken lines at Fig. 1 show methods of running, the top gates at flanges, being the best usually. As you will see they C  Fig. 2  III  A..etc. Fig. 3 is plan showing bottom half resting on bearings, flanges set and top bear-ings struck off, with course of half brick laid ready for cinders ; staple is also shown as well as cope ring.

 
Railroad Shop Notes. 
The Brooklyn Elevated Railroad has been running a little over eleven months. It was completed and opened to travel its whole length last November. Repair shops have been built at East New York, and are now be-ing fitted with machinery. The erecting shop, 84x45 feet, has a capacity for six en-gines. It has four pits, each 33 feet long. The machine shop, 54x45 feet, is two stories high. The engine and boiler house is 24x40 feet, and the tool room 16x20 feet. When we were shown through the shops by Master Mechanic Chas. A. Ball one day last week, benches and vises were being fitted up in erecting shop, but none of the heavy ma-chines were in place. It will be six or seven weeks before the shops will be ready to run. The equipment will include a wheel lathe with quartering attachment, a 36i36 inch planer with 10-foot bed, one 34" and one 36" drill presses, a 12", a 16'' and a 26" lathe, besides shapers, bolt cutters and other toolf. Power plant will consist of a 75 horse-power engine and two 50 horse-power loco-motive boilers. The road now has thirty locomotives, all built after the same plan as those of the New York Elevated Road. We ill-ustrated the engine as built for the Brooklyn road, in our issue of Feb. 28, 1885, and said: "We see the Brooklyn Company have specified their axle boxes to be made of iron. This is likely to prove a troublesome mis-take, for brasses are very hard to keep firm in these small boxes." Experience has proven our prediction cor-rect. Cast-iron boxes have been discarded and solid phosphor bronze boxes adopted for all the engines. Mr. Ball has made some valuable improve-ments in their locomotives during the last few months. Cast-iron shaking grate bars have given place to a grate composed of ten 2-inch water bars and four 1P-," loose bars. The water bars are arranged in groups of two, with a loose bar intervening and dropped a little lower. Water bars are hydraulic drawn 1111)e5, I" thick, screwed in at one end and i‘x►anded at, the other. The front end of the rnito is .1i" lower limn the rear end, which 
are set to clear the body core. You now see the use you are to make of the core' plate, and why you make provision for running, etc., when it is made. The reason for the loose plate over the chaplet is to save trouble when bedding on the top plate. The mud between the plates becoming hard enough to resist the pressure, saves trouble. The top chaplet also remains where it is built, so that when the mould is closed there is no measuring or wedging to do. Mark your mould at the joint at such places as are not likely to be disturbed, lift off your cope and set up on stands high enough to work under. Lift out your core, first freeing it at prints, as well as digging out a little of the thickness all around ; this prevents the joint from being lifted up. After pulling off the thick-ness, and trimming, a little blacking finishes ready for the oven. In closing your mould, if you are careful in setting your bottom half in pit, you will find that core and cope will come together very readily. A plan of binding is shown at Fig. 2. By hitching on to center of beam with slings at-tached to bottom lugs, you can pack between it and covering plate as seen at I, Fig. 2. Fig. 1 is an end view of mould when closed. Fig. 2 shows section of mould cut through at chaplets, and show,:,11(_, malip o th halves Jaw   and solid phosphor bronze boxes adopted for all the engines. Mr. Ball has made sonic valuable improve-ments in their locomotives during the last few months. Cast-iron shaking grate bars have given place to a grate composed of ten 2-inch water bars and four 11" loose bars. The water bars are arranged in groups of two, with a loose bar intervening and dropped a little lower. Water bars are hydraulic drawn tubes, -1" thick, screwed in at one end and expanded at the other. The front end of the grate is 41" lower than the rear end, which gives perfect circulation through the boiler. The back flange bearing for the grate is dis-pensed with, and cross-bearers used to sup-port the grate. This prevents clogging of ashes in back end of grate, which, as is well known, tends to warp and break the grates. With this improved form of grate, which has been applied to five locomotives, an actual saving of fifteen per cent. of coal has been made. Mr. Ball has made the equalizers -Pf" deeper and 31" longer, so that the bolt in back end, where the hole is bored, cleaks the wheel and is easily taken out. This also makes a better riding engine. Another improve-ment is securing the front end of the cab to the boiler Ivith angle plates, well bolted. An iron foot-rest is placed on the back of the tank, and the reverse gear quadrant is sup-ported by a bracket from the back end of the boiler. The center bearing of the truck is made so the bearing extends fully across it instead of part way, and the bolt extending through it has a countersunk head, which comes flush against the outer bearing surface. This prevents the spring from getting loose. Some new locomotives will be built for this road, which will contain other improvements originated by Mr. Ball. The frame will be made heavier, and the pedestal jaws heavier. Changes will be made in plan of placing the dome on the boiler ; also in the dry pipes to brake ejector. 
The general tendency to a lower rate of interest on money has an important b upon manufacturing. Borkowed capit, not expect as large returns as formerly. taxes keep tending upward. 

T. a paper on the relatiy,t, ku, Ir Edward Bowel, 1 
tangent to the curves, and their lengths lim-ited by the points of tangency if the curves have been correctly and accurately drawn. The portion d7, 07, p3 of the lower base must be dotted, because it is hidden. points, m, f, etc., as we have done, this problem, which at first sight may have ap-peared to be a difficult one, is reduced to a very simple one, for now we have only to find the horizontal projection of these points, then join these by curved lines, which will represent the boundary lines of the bases in the horizontal projection of the cylinder. Before we can find the horizontal projec-tions of these points, we must know the relative posit ions of the same to some known plane or given line. Thus for in-stance : We may find the distances of the points m, f, h, etc., from the vertical plane of projection, or we may find the distances of these points from a diameter drawn parallel to the vertical plane of projection. We will adopt the latter method, because, by doing so, the construction will be simpler and re-quire less labor. Let us revolve the project-ing plane, which contains the upper base, around its trace m n, until it stands parallel to the vertical plane of projection ; and in this position of the plane the upper base will be represented by the circle c2 d2 m2 n2; in fact, by turning the projecting plane with the base around the trace m 71, we bring the base into a position in which its true bound-ing line-which in this case is a circle-can be seen. In turning this plane around the trace m n, the paths of the points m, f, h, c, etc., will be represented by lines drawn through these points perpendicular to the line m n (Art. 322), and since these points are also the extremities of the elements which are perpendicular to the same line m n, it follows that the lines m m2, f f2, c c2, etc., which represent the paths of the points, are continuations of the lines which repre-sent the elements, and therefore the center c., from which the circle has been described, must lie in the line c c2; and the positions of the points f, h, c, after the projecting plane has been revolved, must be found in the 12 the line o3n3 parallel to A B is drawn; the points m3 n3, in which the verticals through m and n cut the line 03 763, will be the ex-tremities of the• diameter in the horizontal projections ; consequently the lines m3 ns, 9722 n2 and m n will all represent one and the same diameter. We notice that the line f f2 cuts the diameter m2 n2 in the point f4, and the circumference in two points, namely, f2 and eg. We have already seen that the point f represents the point f2; it must now be added that the point f also represents the points A and e2, because the points f2, f4, e2 lie in the same plane and in one straight line, and when this plane is turned around the line m n until it stands perpendicular to the vertical plane of projection, the line f f2 will also stand perpendicular to the same plane of projection, and the three points, e2, f2, f4, will be represented by the point f. For similar reasons, the point h will represent the three points g2 h2 h., and the same remarks apply to the points e, j, 1. In Article 227 we see that the horizontal and vertical projection of a point must lie in one straight line drawn perpen-dicular to the ground line A B, and there-fore the horizontal projections of the three points represented in the vertical projection by the point f must lie in the vertical line drawn through f, and since m3 768 is the horizontal projection of a diameter parallel to the vertical plane of projection, it follows that the point A, in which the vertical through f cuts m3 n3 must be the horizontal projection of one of the points represented by f, namely A. The other two points, e2 and f2, represented by the same point f, must, also lie in the same vertical, and their dis-tances from the diameter m3 ns must be equal to the distances between the points e2, f2 and the diameter m2 n2. Therefore from the point A as a center, and with a radius equal to f4 f2 or A e2 (both these lines are equal in length), we describe small arcs, cutting the vertical in the points f3 and es, which are two points in the boundary of the horizontal projection of the upper base. Similar reasoning is applicable to the method of finding the points h3, j3, c3, etc., and also to the method of finding the hori-zontal projection of the lower base. We join the points c3 and c7 by a straight line, because these points are the extremi-ties of the element to which the projecting , p3 of the lower base must be dotted, because it is hidden. 
points, m, f, etc., as we have done, this problem, which at first sight may have ap-peared to be a difficult one, is reduced to a very simple one, for now we have only to find the horizontal projection of these points, then join these by curved lines, which will represent the boundary lines of the bases in the horizontal projection of the cylinder. Before we can find the horizontal projec-tions of these points, we must know the relative posit ions of the same to some known plane or given line. Thus for in-stance : We may find the distances of the points m, f, h, etc., from the vertical plane of projection, or we may find the distances of these points from a diameter drawn parallel to the vertical plane of projection. We will adopt the latter method, because, by doing so, the construction will be simpler and re-quire less labor. Let us revolve the project-ing plane, which contains the upper base, around its trace m n, until it stands parallel to the vertical plane of projection ; and in this position of the plane the upper base will be represented by the circle c2 d2 m2 n2; in fact, by turning the projecting plane with the base around the trace m 71, we bring the base into a position in which its true bound-ing line-which in this case is a circle-can be seen. In turning this plane around the trace m n, the paths of the points m, f, h, c, etc., will be represented by lines drawn through these points perpendicular to the line m n (Art. 322), and since these points are also the extremities of the elements which are perpendicular to the same line m n, it follows that the lines m m2, f f2, c c2, etc., which represent the paths of the points, are continuations of the lines which repre-sent the elements, and therefore the center c., from which the circle has been described, must lie in the line c c2; and the positions of the points f, h, c, after the projecting plane has been revolved, must be found in the 12 

the line o3n3 parallel to A B is drawn; the points m3 n3, in which the verticals through m and n cut the line 03 763, will be the ex-tremities of the• diameter in the horizontal projections ; consequently the lines m3 ns, 9722 n2 and m n will all represent one and the same diameter. We notice that the line f f2 cuts the diameter m2 n2 in the point f4, and the circumference in two points, namely, f2 and eg. We have already seen that the point f represents the point f2; it must now be added that the point f also represents the points A and e2, because the points f2, f4, e2 lie in the same plane and in one straight line, and when this plane is turned around the line m n until it stands perpendicular to the vertical plane of projection, the line f f2 will also stand perpendicular to the same plane of projection, and the three points, e2, f2, f4, will be represented by the point f. For similar reasons, the point h will represent the three points g2 h2 h., and the same remarks apply to the points e, j, 1. In Article 227 we see that the horizontal and vertical projection of a point must lie in one straight line drawn perpen-dicular to the ground line A B, and there-fore the horizontal projections of the three points represented in the vertical projection by the point f must lie in the vertical line drawn through f, and since m3 768 is the horizontal projection of a diameter parallel to the vertical plane of projection, it follows that the point A, in which the vertical through f cuts m3 n3 must be the horizontal projection of one of the points represented by f, namely A. The other two points, e2 and f2, represented by the same point f, must, also lie in the same vertical, and their dis-tances from the diameter m3 ns must be equal to the distances between the points e2, f2 and the diameter m2 n2. Therefore from the point A as a center, and with a radius equal to f4 f2 or A e2 (both these lines are equal in length), we describe small arcs, cutting the vertical in the points f3 and es, which are two points in the boundary of the horizontal projection of the upper base. Similar reasoning is applicable to the method of finding the points h3, j3, c3, etc., and also to the method of finding the hori-zontal projection of the lower base. We join the points c3 and c7 by a straight line, because these points are the extremi-ties of the element to which the projecting 

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