AMERICAN MACHINIST 1896 Vol. 2, No. 9> May 1896 MACHINERY pg 263
It's much the same here as in lathe work; some men get to feeling too deep an interest in the tool and imagine it won't stand a heavy cut, but it's the foreman's place to offset this com- passion by a little moral persuasion. Planer speed is too
often lo and 12 feet a minute, when it could just as well be Is to 24 feet in many cases, and 1 know of a few cases on long wrought iron work where 30 feet has been reached in regular work. Some planers won't stand this, and if you're burdened with the
weak- kneed kind you must do the best possible ; but speed 'them up all you can with safety and then watch fur the smile on the old man's " face when the work begins to roll out faster; ~perhaps the smile may indicate a dollar a week on your wages,
if he's that that kind of a smiler.
It seems to be a prevailing idea, among some mechanics at least, that the man with the dirtiest overalls, with grease up to his elbows, and his nose, ears, etc., liberally blackened till he looks like a powder monkey, is the best mechanic ain't no dude
machinist 'bout him ; he just dives in and does the work ; not `fraid of a little dirt."
There are a few men who go to the other extreme, and wear plug bats, frock coats and other clothes to match, changing all these before commencing work; these men fear~
the others every time, other things being equal. No one ever accused me of being dudish; first place Gm too lazy; next, can't afford it ; but if more of the machinists would take the trouble to change more of their clothes night and morning, they'd feel
better, work easier and look better into the bargain. My plan is this: I keep old shoes at the shop-not noted for their beauty, but for good stout soles, and overalls and jumper to match. We have closets for clothes, and I peel down to the underclothes,
put on the jumper, overalls. shoes and cap, and I'm ready for work. You feel much freer than with a whole wad of clothes on, and overalls over pants are a delusion and a snare. They don't keep the pants clean, for the oil will get through occa-
sionally,and they give a man the spring fever about this time of year the worst of anything I know. It pays to dress cool and comfortable.
Then don't go home without washing up. Your wife may not fire you out, but it's asking a good deal of a woman to welcome a fellow who hasn't washed up, and who looks as though he had been used to swab out a chimney. You know 'very well you
wouldn't have dared call on her in such a condition before she tempted fate and fortune by agreeing to wear your name, etc., etc. ; so it don't seem hardly fair to go home now looking like a tramp and leaving your finger-mark and your foot-mark
wherever you go. Soap is cheap, whether it floats or not, and you'll look better if you don't feel better, by using plenty of it before you leave the shop.
AMERICAN MACHINIST 1896 Vol. 2, No. 9.>
Gear cutting is always interesting, and though we' usually think of nothing but cast teeth when speaking of old gears,
This is not necessarily the case. In the shops of the Silver & Gay Co. , North Chelmsford, Mass. , which have been
mentioned before, the writer found two old gear cutters, which are interesting in many ways.
The first one shown bears the date of 1841 on its name-plate,
FIG. I.-OLD GEAR CUTTER, 1841, SILVER, GAY_ &_..CO.
FIG. 2.-BEVEL GEAR PLANER, 1855.
but the records show that one was sold to the Stark Mills on July l0 th, 1839, so they must have existed earlier than this,
but probably in a less complete form. As will be seen from the illustration, it is practically a universal machine, the head
being capable of tipping back for bevel gears, and the large index plate below gives a wide range of divisions !`or
numbers of teeth.
A close study of this is interesting to any machinist who handles gear cutters.
Although this machine could not bevel gears, these mechanics (who had, 1 think, exceptionally good ideas for that time
and place, as shown by the tools built and methods employed) saw the advantages of a planed tooth for these gears,
and. in the early 'So's constructed the machine shown in Fig. 2,
which I found in one corner of the attic. As will be seen, it was framed of heavy timber, although the wearing portions
were of iron. The horizontal timber with the slotted arc in the end of the trunnion plate, held the wheel to be planed, the
arc allowing any tilting that might be necessary for the wheel in hand.
The tool-block shown just ahead of the gear in upper right- hand corner, moves back and forth on the iron way or beam,
while the beam was guided at its outer end, the former being shown beneath the hand-wheel at the left. This allowed the
use of a large former, with good bearing surface, and diminished instead of multiplied the errors it might contain.
The tool-block was of the reversible type, which was so common in the earlier days, but which have been entirely
abandoned, and with good reason in most cases. In these blocks the tool made a half revolution at each end of the stroke
and presented its cutting surface in both directions, consequently cutting on both the forward and back stroke.
There is a framed certificate in their office from the Middlesex Mechanics' Association, bearing date of 1857, awarding a
gold medal to Gay, Silver & Co. (the old name of the firm) for this Bevel Gear Planer.
It's much the same here as in lathe work; some men get to feeling too deep an interest in the tool and imagine it won't stand a heavy cut, but it's the foreman's place to offset this com- passion by a little moral persuasion. Planer speed is too
often lo and 12 feet a minute, when it could just as well be Is to 24 feet in many cases, and 1 know of a few cases on long wrought iron work where 30 feet has been reached in regular work. Some planers won't stand this, and if you're burdened with the
weak- kneed kind you must do the best possible ; but speed 'them up all you can with safety and then watch fur the smile on the old man's " face when the work begins to roll out faster; ~perhaps the smile may indicate a dollar a week on your wages,
if he's that that kind of a smiler.
It seems to be a prevailing idea, among some mechanics at least, that the man with the dirtiest overalls, with grease up to his elbows, and his nose, ears, etc., liberally blackened till he looks like a powder monkey, is the best mechanic ain't no dude
machinist 'bout him ; he just dives in and does the work ; not `fraid of a little dirt."
There are a few men who go to the other extreme, and wear plug bats, frock coats and other clothes to match, changing all these before commencing work; these men fear~
the others every time, other things being equal. No one ever accused me of being dudish; first place Gm too lazy; next, can't afford it ; but if more of the machinists would take the trouble to change more of their clothes night and morning, they'd feel
better, work easier and look better into the bargain. My plan is this: I keep old shoes at the shop-not noted for their beauty, but for good stout soles, and overalls and jumper to match. We have closets for clothes, and I peel down to the underclothes,
put on the jumper, overalls. shoes and cap, and I'm ready for work. You feel much freer than with a whole wad of clothes on, and overalls over pants are a delusion and a snare. They don't keep the pants clean, for the oil will get through occa-
sionally,and they give a man the spring fever about this time of year the worst of anything I know. It pays to dress cool and comfortable.
Then don't go home without washing up. Your wife may not fire you out, but it's asking a good deal of a woman to welcome a fellow who hasn't washed up, and who looks as though he had been used to swab out a chimney. You know 'very well you
wouldn't have dared call on her in such a condition before she tempted fate and fortune by agreeing to wear your name, etc., etc. ; so it don't seem hardly fair to go home now looking like a tramp and leaving your finger-mark and your foot-mark
wherever you go. Soap is cheap, whether it floats or not, and you'll look better if you don't feel better, by using plenty of it before you leave the shop.
AMERICAN MACHINIST 1896 Vol. 2, No. 9.>
Gear cutting is always interesting, and though we' usually think of nothing but cast teeth when speaking of old gears,
This is not necessarily the case. In the shops of the Silver & Gay Co. , North Chelmsford, Mass. , which have been
mentioned before, the writer found two old gear cutters, which are interesting in many ways.
The first one shown bears the date of 1841 on its name-plate,
FIG. I.-OLD GEAR CUTTER, 1841, SILVER, GAY_ &_..CO.
FIG. 2.-BEVEL GEAR PLANER, 1855.
but the records show that one was sold to the Stark Mills on July l0 th, 1839, so they must have existed earlier than this,
but probably in a less complete form. As will be seen from the illustration, it is practically a universal machine, the head
being capable of tipping back for bevel gears, and the large index plate below gives a wide range of divisions !`or
numbers of teeth.
A close study of this is interesting to any machinist who handles gear cutters.
Although this machine could not bevel gears, these mechanics (who had, 1 think, exceptionally good ideas for that time
and place, as shown by the tools built and methods employed) saw the advantages of a planed tooth for these gears,
and. in the early 'So's constructed the machine shown in Fig. 2,
which I found in one corner of the attic. As will be seen, it was framed of heavy timber, although the wearing portions
were of iron. The horizontal timber with the slotted arc in the end of the trunnion plate, held the wheel to be planed, the
arc allowing any tilting that might be necessary for the wheel in hand.
The tool-block shown just ahead of the gear in upper right- hand corner, moves back and forth on the iron way or beam,
while the beam was guided at its outer end, the former being shown beneath the hand-wheel at the left. This allowed the
use of a large former, with good bearing surface, and diminished instead of multiplied the errors it might contain.
The tool-block was of the reversible type, which was so common in the earlier days, but which have been entirely
abandoned, and with good reason in most cases. In these blocks the tool made a half revolution at each end of the stroke
and presented its cutting surface in both directions, consequently cutting on both the forward and back stroke.
There is a framed certificate in their office from the Middlesex Mechanics' Association, bearing date of 1857, awarding a
gold medal to Gay, Silver & Co. (the old name of the firm) for this Bevel Gear Planer.
>Gear Design 1896 pg
May, 1896 .
GEAR-OLOGY.
SOME PRACTICAL FORMS OF GEAR TEETH. F. W. CLOUGH.
It has been found that the science of forming gear teeth to run well together is not rigidly tied up to any one system exclusively, of that
manner or system of the formation of teeth, provided that some essential principles be regarded in outlining.
Fig. I
is a sample of the well known epicycloidal tooth- 15 teeth with rack-whose forms are generated by a 7. 5 inch describing circle for I to the
inch pitch diam ~lei~ T~s form of teeth I 5. T e~eT h
~ FIg.1
has been claimed by some to be the best system of teeth to use. The writer has seen some very fine running wheels of this kind of teeth;
also some not so fine ; very likely some of the wrongness of the more noisy wheels was due to the men who cut and mounted them.
Fig. 2
illustrates what we may call a cycloidal tooth-a gear wheel of IS teeth in mesh, with a rack. The origin of the form of these teeth is obtained
by the rolling of a proper sized describing circle on the pitch line of rack, for rack teeth, and on chord lines (tooth to tooth) for wheels.
The laying out of these teeth is an easy task on drawing board ; in this case the radius of face
In' Fig. 3
we show a rack and wheel of IS teeth of the well known and much used involute system. An involute line is part of a scroll line. The rack
teeth are formed by straight line face and flank at 14~ degrees each to a vertical line (or 29 degrees in all). The principle involved in
forming these teeth is, that as the size of wheels increase, having an increased number of teeth.
Fig. 4
the radius forming curve of teeth also increases until the rack is formed by a curve whose radius is infinite. This kind of tooth wears well in
bard service, but is not always a quiet running wheel in comparison to some other forms of teeth.
Fig. 5
illustates an improved (by the writer) involute tooth 15 toothed wheel and a rack in gear. The method of forming this tooth outline is
somewhat different from that of the ordinary involute, but the improved form obviates some difficulties found in that system. The rack teeth
have curved face and Hank made
>Fig. 6
wears well in hard service, but is not always a quiet running has been claimed by some to be the best system of teeth to use. wheel in
comparison to some other forms of teeth. The writer bas seen some very fine running wheels of this kind Fig. 5 illustates an improved (by
the writer) involute tooth 15 of teeth; also some not so fine ; very likely some of the wrong- toothed wheel and a rack in gear. The method
of forming this ness of the more noisy wheels was due to the men who cut and tooth outline is somewhat different from that of the ordinary
mounted them. involute, but the improved form obviates some difficulties found Fig. 2
illustrates what we may call a cycloidal tooth-a gear in that system. The rack teeth have curved face and flank made wheel of 15 teeth in
mesh, with a rack. The origin of the form ~ of these teeth is obtained by the rolling of a proper sized describ- ing circle on the pitch line of
rack, for rack' teeth. and on chord lines (tooth to tooth) for wheels. The laying out of these teeth is an easy task on drawing board ; in this
case the radius of face
FIG. 7
by One radius and curve. When rightly constructed they have some manifest advantages over an ordinary involute tooth. Fig. 6~ shows
th-e two extremes of the uniform tooth-a wheel having Is teeth~~with a rack. By uniform teeth we mean this: that the teeth of varying sized
wheels of the same pitch are of the same ~size and curvature. Observe that the teeth of rack are exactly~ like those on wheel ; and in
practice all wheels occurring within these two extremes have also the same identical (in size and shape) tooth. This kind of teeth have
been found to run
FIG . 8
well, wear well, and to possess features of advantage over some others having a higher name. These are but samples of a variety in
forming outline of teeth ; each is a distinct system of itself, and embrace in each case a train of interchangeable wheels between the two
extremes. One or two very essential items concerning any pair of wheels whose teeth may be of any good tooth system; they must be cut
May, 1896 .
GEAR-OLOGY.
SOME PRACTICAL FORMS OF GEAR TEETH. F. W. CLOUGH.
It has been found that the science of forming gear teeth to run well together is not rigidly tied up to any one system exclusively, of that
manner or system of the formation of teeth, provided that some essential principles be regarded in outlining.
Fig. I
is a sample of the well known epicycloidal tooth- 15 teeth with rack-whose forms are generated by a 7. 5 inch describing circle for I to the
inch pitch diam ~lei~ T~s form of teeth I 5. T e~eT h
~ FIg.1
has been claimed by some to be the best system of teeth to use. The writer has seen some very fine running wheels of this kind of teeth;
also some not so fine ; very likely some of the wrongness of the more noisy wheels was due to the men who cut and mounted them.
Fig. 2
illustrates what we may call a cycloidal tooth-a gear wheel of IS teeth in mesh, with a rack. The origin of the form of these teeth is obtained
by the rolling of a proper sized describing circle on the pitch line of rack, for rack teeth, and on chord lines (tooth to tooth) for wheels.
The laying out of these teeth is an easy task on drawing board ; in this case the radius of face
In' Fig. 3
we show a rack and wheel of IS teeth of the well known and much used involute system. An involute line is part of a scroll line. The rack
teeth are formed by straight line face and flank at 14~ degrees each to a vertical line (or 29 degrees in all). The principle involved in
forming these teeth is, that as the size of wheels increase, having an increased number of teeth.
Fig. 4
the radius forming curve of teeth also increases until the rack is formed by a curve whose radius is infinite. This kind of tooth wears well in
bard service, but is not always a quiet running wheel in comparison to some other forms of teeth.
Fig. 5
illustates an improved (by the writer) involute tooth 15 toothed wheel and a rack in gear. The method of forming this tooth outline is
somewhat different from that of the ordinary involute, but the improved form obviates some difficulties found in that system. The rack teeth
have curved face and Hank made
>Fig. 6
wears well in hard service, but is not always a quiet running has been claimed by some to be the best system of teeth to use. wheel in
comparison to some other forms of teeth. The writer bas seen some very fine running wheels of this kind Fig. 5 illustates an improved (by
the writer) involute tooth 15 of teeth; also some not so fine ; very likely some of the wrong- toothed wheel and a rack in gear. The method
of forming this ness of the more noisy wheels was due to the men who cut and tooth outline is somewhat different from that of the ordinary
mounted them. involute, but the improved form obviates some difficulties found Fig. 2
illustrates what we may call a cycloidal tooth-a gear in that system. The rack teeth have curved face and flank made wheel of 15 teeth in
mesh, with a rack. The origin of the form ~ of these teeth is obtained by the rolling of a proper sized describ- ing circle on the pitch line of
rack, for rack' teeth. and on chord lines (tooth to tooth) for wheels. The laying out of these teeth is an easy task on drawing board ; in this
case the radius of face
FIG. 7
by One radius and curve. When rightly constructed they have some manifest advantages over an ordinary involute tooth. Fig. 6~ shows
th-e two extremes of the uniform tooth-a wheel having Is teeth~~with a rack. By uniform teeth we mean this: that the teeth of varying sized
wheels of the same pitch are of the same ~size and curvature. Observe that the teeth of rack are exactly~ like those on wheel ; and in
practice all wheels occurring within these two extremes have also the same identical (in size and shape) tooth. This kind of teeth have
been found to run
FIG . 8
well, wear well, and to possess features of advantage over some others having a higher name. These are but samples of a variety in
forming outline of teeth ; each is a distinct system of itself, and embrace in each case a train of interchangeable wheels between the two
extremes. One or two very essential items concerning any pair of wheels whose teeth may be of any good tooth system; they must be cut
Ad Page xvii
Buying-A M E R I c A N M A c H I N I s T-Section ~ 56, ~o. 1
We Have Cut Many Gears Like This!
Let us demonstrate that your large gears
can be cut to run as smoothly as small gears
GLEASON WORKS, ROCHSTER, N.Y,
move up text
Buying-A M E R I c A N M A c H I N I s T-Section ~ 56, ~o. 1
We Have Cut Many Gears Like This!
Let us demonstrate that your large gears
can be cut to run as smoothly as small gears
GLEASON WORKS, ROCHSTER, N.Y,
Shaper Drawings Page 273
Shaper Drawings Page 273>
pg 272 MACHINERY Shaper Drawings Design 1896.
giving the ram an extra long bearing in the slides. Sufficient belt power is provided for heaviest cuts. Shaper Drawings
FIG. I.
FITCHBURG MACHINE WORKS, FITCHBURG, MASS. This machine has a head that travels on the bed, instead of hav-ing a traveling table, allowing a larger range of work. Table is clamped to bed, avoiding sag due to sliding fit. The one shown has an 18-inch stroke, which is obtained by a Whitworth quick-return crank, which planes to a line, with which most mechanics are familiar. The feed of swivelling head is obtained by device shown on side of ram and in detail in Fig. 2. The cranks C and F, con-nected by a rod, are fastened to side of ram, and the finger on F tripped by the stop G. This communicates the motion to C, and a pawl on the right of (and behind) this actuates a ratchet, shown be-hind the arm D in the small figure. The bevel gear A on other end May, 1896.
FLATHER & CO., NASHUA, N. H. By combining the Whitworth quick return with the slotted lever crank motion, a more uniform cutting speed and also a very quick return movement is secured, without a shock or jar to the machine. A rack and pinion with a hand wheel on top of ram gives a most convenient and quick method for adjusting the ram to any desired position with the machine in motion or at rest. The adjustment of stroke is obtained by the use of a scroll and rack instead of a rack and pinion. This device gives a quick movement, one that cannot slip under any cut, whether the crank-pin is tight or loose ; furthermore the crank-pin can be tightened, thus adjusting the stroke very accurately while the machine is running at a high rate of speed or at a standstill. They are also using a support for the outer end of " box-table," consisting of an angle piece fastened by two screws to the cross-rail, one end extending to the outer edge of box-table, and on which the box-table bears ; the other leg extends downwards at an angle to the front of column where it bears on a rib cast on that part of column through which the raising screw runs. The rib is planed true with the face of column, and the angle being connected with the cross-rail, it will be raised or lowered with it. The lower part of the angle will have a bearing on the face of rib and will not require loosening every time the position of cross-rail is changed. The adjustable slotted lever is another device worthy of special mention, as by it the wear of lever can be ad-justed and still retain its rigidity. This is accomplished by insert-ing a strip of metal between two lugs cast on the lever over the center oNhe slot and tightened on the strip by screws. As the slot wears away the metal strip can be taken out and enough dressed off to again make a good fit. A graduated collar shows the travel of ram. Most of these special features are patented.
FOX MACHINE CO., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. This machine is entirely different from the usual type, as will be seen by an inspection of the illustration. The ram is driven by the slotted arm D, which connects with the ram by pin H, the stroke being varied by shifting the fulcrum A either up or down ; the dotted circles B and C showing the lowest and highest posi-tions and consequently the longest and shortest strokes. This is adiusted by the rack and pinion movement shown in the photo-
GLEASON WORKS, ROCHSTER, N.Y,
###############################################################
hind the arm D in the small figure. The bevel gear A on other end of shaft meshes into the small gear on the right of shaft B, which in turn drives the other bevel gears shown and gives the feed to tool-block. As this swivels concentrically with the shaft B, it does not matter at what angle the head may be set, the feed is the same. The feed mechanism is shown at right hand of bed and does not differ materially from other devices for obtaining a similar feed. The desired stroke is obtained by varying the
FIG. 2. distance of the crank-pin from the center of disc, as is usual in crank shapers, and the relative position of the ram can be adjusted by usual slot and locking bolt. The ram is 4o inches long and has a bearing of 29 IZX 8 I2 inches. The saddle has a cross movement of 54 inches. The top of bed is 75 inches long and 20 inches wide. The head has a vertical movement of 514 inches, and is provided with power vertical and angular feed. The head is graduated so the tool can be set at any angle desired, and has a micrometer attachment on the feed screw reading to thousandths of an inch. It has two tables, each 1612 X 17 inches, forming angle irons T6 I2 X 16 inches. These tables have a vertical movement of 14 inches ; greatest distance from bottom of ram to top of tables, 16 inches. A cone mandrel is provided with independent automatic circular feed. A hole through bed admits a 3-inch shaft for slotting. Cone has four changes, and is driven by a 4-inch belt. It is furnished with chuck and centers ; the centers swing 12 inches and take a piece 14 I2 inches long. Weight, 5,700 pounds.
FIG. 3. adjusted by the rack and pinion movement shown in the photograph. The slotted lever dips below the oil line at G, and throws the oil up on the sliding block, crank-pin, gears and bearing, insuring easy running. The ram can be adjusted while running, as in many other machines. As the crank-pin always has the same travel the wear on the pendulum is always the same, which is an advantage. Another feature of this arrangement is, that instead of having a forked connection between the ram and the top of the pendulum, there is a 4-inch steel pin, as indicated at H. This pin is in the under side of the nut and the pendulum is supported from it. This makes a very close connection and is not liable to much wear. &&&&&&&&&&&&& hind the arm D in the small figure. The bevel gear A on other end of shaft meshes into the small gear on the right of shaft B, which in turn drives the other bevel gears shown and gives the feed to tool-block. As this swivels concentrically with the shaft B, it does not matter at what angle the head may be set, the feed is the same. The feed mechanism is shown at right hand of bed and does not differ materially from other devices for obtaining a similar feed. The desired stroke is obtained by varying the dis-
2nd shaper drawings
Shaper Drawings Page 273>
pg 272 MACHINERY Shaper Drawings Design 1896.
giving the ram an extra long bearing in the slides. Sufficient belt power is provided for heaviest cuts. Shaper Drawings
FIG. I.
FITCHBURG MACHINE WORKS, FITCHBURG, MASS. This machine has a head that travels on the bed, instead of hav-ing a traveling table, allowing a larger range of work. Table is clamped to bed, avoiding sag due to sliding fit. The one shown has an 18-inch stroke, which is obtained by a Whitworth quick-return crank, which planes to a line, with which most mechanics are familiar. The feed of swivelling head is obtained by device shown on side of ram and in detail in Fig. 2. The cranks C and F, con-nected by a rod, are fastened to side of ram, and the finger on F tripped by the stop G. This communicates the motion to C, and a pawl on the right of (and behind) this actuates a ratchet, shown be-hind the arm D in the small figure. The bevel gear A on other end May, 1896.
FLATHER & CO., NASHUA, N. H. By combining the Whitworth quick return with the slotted lever crank motion, a more uniform cutting speed and also a very quick return movement is secured, without a shock or jar to the machine. A rack and pinion with a hand wheel on top of ram gives a most convenient and quick method for adjusting the ram to any desired position with the machine in motion or at rest. The adjustment of stroke is obtained by the use of a scroll and rack instead of a rack and pinion. This device gives a quick movement, one that cannot slip under any cut, whether the crank-pin is tight or loose ; furthermore the crank-pin can be tightened, thus adjusting the stroke very accurately while the machine is running at a high rate of speed or at a standstill. They are also using a support for the outer end of " box-table," consisting of an angle piece fastened by two screws to the cross-rail, one end extending to the outer edge of box-table, and on which the box-table bears ; the other leg extends downwards at an angle to the front of column where it bears on a rib cast on that part of column through which the raising screw runs. The rib is planed true with the face of column, and the angle being connected with the cross-rail, it will be raised or lowered with it. The lower part of the angle will have a bearing on the face of rib and will not require loosening every time the position of cross-rail is changed. The adjustable slotted lever is another device worthy of special mention, as by it the wear of lever can be ad-justed and still retain its rigidity. This is accomplished by insert-ing a strip of metal between two lugs cast on the lever over the center oNhe slot and tightened on the strip by screws. As the slot wears away the metal strip can be taken out and enough dressed off to again make a good fit. A graduated collar shows the travel of ram. Most of these special features are patented.
FOX MACHINE CO., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. This machine is entirely different from the usual type, as will be seen by an inspection of the illustration. The ram is driven by the slotted arm D, which connects with the ram by pin H, the stroke being varied by shifting the fulcrum A either up or down ; the dotted circles B and C showing the lowest and highest posi-tions and consequently the longest and shortest strokes. This is adiusted by the rack and pinion movement shown in the photo-
GLEASON WORKS, ROCHSTER, N.Y,
###############################################################
hind the arm D in the small figure. The bevel gear A on other end of shaft meshes into the small gear on the right of shaft B, which in turn drives the other bevel gears shown and gives the feed to tool-block. As this swivels concentrically with the shaft B, it does not matter at what angle the head may be set, the feed is the same. The feed mechanism is shown at right hand of bed and does not differ materially from other devices for obtaining a similar feed. The desired stroke is obtained by varying the
FIG. 2. distance of the crank-pin from the center of disc, as is usual in crank shapers, and the relative position of the ram can be adjusted by usual slot and locking bolt. The ram is 4o inches long and has a bearing of 29 IZX 8 I2 inches. The saddle has a cross movement of 54 inches. The top of bed is 75 inches long and 20 inches wide. The head has a vertical movement of 514 inches, and is provided with power vertical and angular feed. The head is graduated so the tool can be set at any angle desired, and has a micrometer attachment on the feed screw reading to thousandths of an inch. It has two tables, each 1612 X 17 inches, forming angle irons T6 I2 X 16 inches. These tables have a vertical movement of 14 inches ; greatest distance from bottom of ram to top of tables, 16 inches. A cone mandrel is provided with independent automatic circular feed. A hole through bed admits a 3-inch shaft for slotting. Cone has four changes, and is driven by a 4-inch belt. It is furnished with chuck and centers ; the centers swing 12 inches and take a piece 14 I2 inches long. Weight, 5,700 pounds.
FIG. 3. adjusted by the rack and pinion movement shown in the photograph. The slotted lever dips below the oil line at G, and throws the oil up on the sliding block, crank-pin, gears and bearing, insuring easy running. The ram can be adjusted while running, as in many other machines. As the crank-pin always has the same travel the wear on the pendulum is always the same, which is an advantage. Another feature of this arrangement is, that instead of having a forked connection between the ram and the top of the pendulum, there is a 4-inch steel pin, as indicated at H. This pin is in the under side of the nut and the pendulum is supported from it. This makes a very close connection and is not liable to much wear. &&&&&&&&&&&&& hind the arm D in the small figure. The bevel gear A on other end of shaft meshes into the small gear on the right of shaft B, which in turn drives the other bevel gears shown and gives the feed to tool-block. As this swivels concentrically with the shaft B, it does not matter at what angle the head may be set, the feed is the same. The feed mechanism is shown at right hand of bed and does not differ materially from other devices for obtaining a similar feed. The desired stroke is obtained by varying the dis-
In order to make the pivot shaft firm it is encircled by the yoke E. This is fitted in accurately between the gibs and the column, so that in clamping the pivot shaft in position by the hand wheel it prevents the collar being forced together. This yoke is also bolted together at each end and takes the longitudinal thrust caused by the pressure which the tool exerts in performing the work. This makes the pivot shaft very rigid and firm. The position of the shaft can also be changed by slacking the binding screw I ; then by the handle connected with the bevel gears which are shown near the head of the ram in the photograph, the nut can be traversed back and forth on the screw, enabling the operator to set the tool at any point of the stroke without leaving his position or stopping the machine. The table can be removed entirely from the saddle, or it can be tilted at an angle so as to plane taper work.
GOULD & EBERHARDT, NEWARK, N. J.
The illustration shows a 16 to 24 inch shaper, which is the latest pattern of this well-known make. The base is heavy and has a raised edge to prevent oil and waste from getting on the floor. The front part of base is planed to allow the table support to slide on it, and may also be used to bolt work to, in which case a special traveling head is added to the ram. It also allows a substantial support to box, angle or vise, which is very advantageous on heavy cats, and insures more perfect work. The machine is driven through two sets of gearing, one train being used for short and the other for long work, and both are under control of the lever shown at the back of machine. The makers claim that this gives about double the number of strokes that is obtained from any other construction. The length of stroke is readily adjusted by a crank-handle to any desired distance, an index making this a certainty. A slotted fork and link connect lever to the ram, and the latter is clamped to driving motion by handle shown on top. The length of stroke is positive and will plane to a line and under washer. The ram is extra heavy, of girder section, very stiff and not likely to spring under a heavy cut. Feed motion can be changed without stopping machine. The crosshead slides vertically on a flat surface, the bolts pass-he length of stroke, it will be readily seen that it is comparatively easy to follow an irregular outline, which is particularly desira-ble on some die work. A neat little device is used in connection with the belt shifter which keeps the frictions in place until the shifting occurs. It is simply a flat spring with a V notch, one posi-tion being " in " the other " out " and holding the frictions in place. There is also an adjustable table, which is very handy for taper work. There is also an opening under ram for long shafts.
NEWTON MACHINE TOOL WORKS, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
There is little to be said in connection with this machine, as the photograph tells the story quite plainly. It is designed for shaping out the inside of locomotive driving boxes. The Whit-worth crank and quick return is seen at the rear, the position of ram being adjusted by means of slot in end of connecting rod. The cutter bar has a rotary motion and feeds around the inside of box automatically. The box is placed on the angle plate, which is shown on the knee and which is adjustable in all directions. They are of very heavy design, as the illustration shows and are, of course, built to facilitate work in railroad shops, being in reality a special machine.
NILES TOOL WORKS, HAMILTON, OHIO.
The machine shown is provided with two double heads, al-though they are of course made with only one if desired ; a double headed one being very valuable for certain classes of work. We regret not being able to obtain details, altough a general descrip-tion is interesting and covers most points. The cutter bar of this machine has a stroke of 18y, inches and is provided with Whitworth quick return. The ram has large bearing surface on the saddle and the heads 9 feet longitudinal traverse on the bed. This traverse can be made of any length desired. The driving cone is provided with four steps of ample width and diameters and countershaft has two speeds, giving eight changes of speed to the cutter bar. Machine has cross, down, angular and circular feeds for convex or concave work, all of which are operated by power. It is provided with two tables which have independent elevating screws and which are operated from a convenient position. One table is arranged so that it can be removed and a swivel vise used, the latter better adapted for 1
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& giving the ram an extra long bearing in the slides. Sufficient belt power is provided for heaviest cuts.
macnine. The crosshead slides vertically on a flat surface, the bolts pass-ing through the frame, so that it is not sprung by any undue tightening of bolts. The slide travels from end to end and then stops automatically. The slide is protected from dirt and chips coming between crosshead and frame when bolts are loosened by the guard shown. This aids in keeping the sliding surface and vise in perfect alignment. The vise is of solid construction of good charcoal iron. A pair of adjustable centers are provided on each vise for small round work, such as fluting taps, reamers, etc. The jaws project to hold long or short work. A spot is cast on the vise for tapping it into fine adjustment, saving the vise and preventing bruises on the bearing portions. This was illus-trated in our March issue and need not be repeated. The vise is also provided with a graduated nickled index plate under it. The table is of box section and very rigid, and by a recent con-struction the vise can be fastened to its side. Automatic oil reservoirs are provided in all large bearings, insuring perfect lubrication. Shelves for tools are liberally provided and aid in keeping a shop neat as well as in economizing time. The counter-- shaft is provided with a brake to stop machine instantly, which is often very desirable. The numerous attachments allow a large variety of work to be done, but lack of space forbids their being shown at this time.
THE HENDEY MACHINE CO., TORRINGTON, CONN.
This is now made of the friction type, having a friction clutch in place of the shifting belts formerly used. The use of belts has been discarded on all sizes. It is well known in tool room work. Probably the most distinctive feature of this shaper is the micro-
MICROMETER ADJUSTMENT OF STROKE
meter adjustment for regulating the length of stroke. This is shown in the line cut of the adjustment, in which the wedged shaped piece, or tappet, is adjustable by the thumb-screw shown, a very fine graduation being easily obtained. As this determines irom a ........ can be removed and a swivel vise used, the latter better adapted for clamping certain kinds of work. Centers are also provided for circular work and the machine is provided with self-feeding cone mandrel for the same purpose. The saddles have quick traverse on bed by rack and pinion. It appears to be complete in all its details, is substantially built and with the feeds and traverse provided it is adaptable to a very wide range of work.
FEDERICK & AYER CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
This is another distinctive shaper, known as the Richards open side planer or shaper and, as shown by the photograph, can plane almost anything you can back up to it. At first sight it seems as though the tool at outer end of arm would be sure to spring, but it is carefully proportioned to stand the strain and no diffi-culty is experienced in this respect. The saddle, to which the head and arm are firmly secured, is driven by a screw running the entire length of bed. By the use of high speed pulleys and shifting belts the use of gears is dispensed with and a smooth and quiet movement of the carriage is secured. Adjustable tappets on the belt shifting rods over the bed shift the belts for reversing, the desired return speed being secured by placing the required backing pulley on the countershaft. The photograph shows a tool with a io foot bed which planes up to 3o inches in width, at work on the main bearings of a Ball engine at their works in Erie, Pa. Although, perhaps hardly a shaper, it shows the style of tool, which is the same in either case. With the movable tool the weight, and consequently the friction and power required for driving, is practically the same at all times, regardless of the weight of piece being operated on, which is, of course, the same in all shapers.
PRATT & WHITNEY CO., HARTFORD, CONN.
These tools are well known and need very little description they are more especially designed for tool room work and are regularly made in but two sizes, 9 and 14 inches. The ram is adjustable for any stroke, has a uniform forward motion and quick return. All necessary feeds are provided and each machine is fitted with a Newell vise, which is also well known in connec-tion with shaper work.
PRENTISS TOOL & SUPPLY CO., NEW YORK CITY. The general design of this shaper is shown in the engraving,
**********
position. The advantages claimed for this are that there is no more pressure on main link F than that due to the cutting tool, the only wear likely to result in the other joints is due solely to turning of wrist-pin, and as links are all bushed with bronze the wear is slight. This arrangement is also claimed to preserve the same ratio of forward and back motion at all lengths of stroke, which is not the case with the sliding block. The feed mechan-ism is constructed so as to avoid bending and breaking of parts in case of any obstruction to table. Head is graduated and has a feed of 5 IZ inches at any angle. They are geared with a ratio varying from 1312 to 1 in the 12 and 14-inch machine to 2212 to I in the 26 and 28-inch machine, which makes them capable of heavy work. They vary in weight from 1,100 pounds for the 12-inch machine to 3,200 pounds for the 28-inch.
SPRINGFIELD MACHINE TOOL CO., SPRINGFIELD, OHIO.
This is of the crank driven type, great simplicity and durability being among its claims of merit. High belt speed is used, giving sufficient power, while the gearing is amply strong for the work put upon it. All gears are cut from the solid, and this is also especially true of pinions which are cut in the ends of shafts having full diameter of outside of pinion. Automatic cross feed is provided in a very direct manner, as shown. The vise is solidly built, has graduated base and can be used on sides of box table if desired. The saddle and table are moved vertically by a rack and pinion instead of a screw, the pinion being controlled by a vertical worm, operated by the handle at back of carriage. A liberal bearing surface and careful attention to details makes this a very complete and substantial tool
GEORGE D. WALCOTT-& SON, JACKSON, MICH.
These are quite heavy tools, as will be seen from this photo-graph, the construction fitting them for the heaviest work. The ram is supported over the table to a considerable extent, 8 inches in their 34 inch machine; this stiffens the guides appreciably and does away with considerable spring, which is too often noticeable in shapers. As in most modern machines the stroke can be changed while running. There is an opening under the ram for long shafts, as in a few other machines. Automatic cross feed is provided, as well as be shown later on, water has a very limited scope, and when uncompressed possesses no elasticity of figure or rigidity at all. As in an incompressible fluid exactly as in all fluids in general, any tangential stress, however small, produces a permanent deformation and eventually a radical change of shape, all the calculations for hydraulic vessels are based on internal stresses, dealing only as far as the fluids are concerned, with the follow-ing properties: Compression, compressibility and elasticity, or resilience of volume. Water, which is one of the substances most necessary to ani-mal life, is lavishly distributed all over the globe, and is a per-manent, perfect fluid, practically non-elastic when under pres-sure, and unalterable in its chemical composition by any mechani-cal action. Water, as many other liquids of corresponding density and contrary to all solids, has such adaptation to change of form that when acting on its natural medium, atmospheric pressure fills all the interstices of the vessel in which it is con-fined, exerting an equal pressure at every point, and in whatever direction or side. Under a pressure of 30000 pounds per square inch water will reduce its bulk about Tts of its original volume, and will assume the latter as soon as the pressure is relieved. Any amount of water, however small, will, by the use of proper contrivances, counterbalance and overcome the resistance of any other amount infinitely greater. One cubic foot of water is usually rated at 62 pounds at a tem-perature of 52 degrees Fahr. A cylinder one foot in diameter and one foot long will hold 483A pounds of water at a temperature of 62 degrees Fahr. The molecular nature of the particles of water has a great cohesic affinity, their atoms endeavoring to be always in contact. Under a pressure of about 9500 pounds per square inch water will ooze through a sound cast iron shell 8 inches thick and at a pressure of 220 pounds per square inch through a shell IZ inch thick. On calculating the strength of cast iron cylinders of thick walls care should be taken of two important questions. The first one is the irregularity and lack of uniformity with which a thick cast iron cylinder is cooled, which makes them comparatively weaker than thinner ones. Iron for thick cylinders should be of the best
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Buying-A M E R I c A N M A c H I N I s T-Section ~ 56, ~o. 1
We Have Cut Many Gears Like This!
Let us demonstrate that your large gears
can be cut to run as smoothly as small gears
GLEASON WORKS, ROCHSTER, N.Y,
Buying-A M E R I c A N M A c H I N I s T-Section ~ 56, ~o. 1
We Have Cut Many Gears Like This!
Let us demonstrate that your large gears
can be cut to run as smoothly as small gears
GLEASON WORKS, ROCHSTER, N.Y,
10
Buying-A M E R I c A N M A c H I N I s T-Section ~ 56, ~o. 1
We Have Cut Many Gears Like This!
Let us demonstrate that your large gears
can be cut to run as smoothly as small gears
GLEASON WORKS, ROCHSTER, N.Y,
Buying-A M E R I c A N M A c H I N I s T-Section ~ 56, ~o. 1
We Have Cut Many Gears Like This!
Let us demonstrate that your large gears
can be cut to run as smoothly as small gears
GLEASON WORKS, ROCHSTER, N.Y,
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>Gear Design 1896 pg
May, 1896 .
GEAR-OLOGY.
> SOME MODERN SHAPERS.
On this and the following pages are illustrated most of the lead-ing shapers on the American market to-day ; the general appear-ance being shown in the photographic reproductions below and a few details among the descriptive matter which follows. These are not as complete as might be desired, owing to our inability to se-cure the required information from the makers, and the amount of readng matter does not necessarily reflect the value of a machine as some of the best known machines have the least text for the very reason that they are well-known. One or two makers are bringing out new designs, and not wishing to show their older ones, yet not being ready with the new, preferred to be omitted from the collection. We believe much is to be gained by a care-ful study of existing designs in any line of machinery, for, as has been truly said, there is much information to be had from catalogs of leading tool builders, more at times than can be obtained in any other way, as they show the machines that are actually in successful operation. The descriptions follow in alphabetical order.
DAVIS & EGAN MACHINE TOOL CO., CINCINNATI, OHIO.
The accompanying cut shows the design and construction of this make of crank shaper. The movement of the ram is of the vibrating arm type and, as is clearly shown on the drawings, the crank pin for regulating the stroke is adjusted by a screw and bevel gears from the outside of the machine while in motion. The top of the vibrating arm is made fork shaped, and double links, a a, connect it with the attaching shoe of the ram. This shoe, sliding on the under side of the ram, is operated by means of a pair of mitre gears c c, screw b and stem A, to change the relative position of the cutting tool to the table. This can also be done while the machine is running and the usual clamp
arrangement d holds it firm to the ram. The vibrating arm shaft is provided with a segment, indexed to show the length of the stroke. A novel self-adjusting feeding device is applied to the cross feed screw so as to avoid setting for the different positions of the table. The connecting rod e has at its front end a rack which has a reciprocating motion, meshing with pinion h, which is fixed to the rocking pawl carrier f, and so transmits motion to the ratchet wheel g fastened to the cross feed screw. The double links before mentioned, provide an open space under the ram, through which long shafts can be passed for cutting key-ways. The ram adjusts near the head, which is a convenience to the operator, as he need not move from the front of the machine to make his adjustments. The top part of column is carried forward several inches, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Swasey catalogue, is that previ-ous to getting up this machine we wished to get our circulars out quickly and had the new cut made from the one in their catalogue and see no objection to this what-ever, as the machine is exactly like theirs, and why should we not use the cut just as well ? This is our business and we see no rea-son why other people should in-terest themselves in it. We shall certainly be more care-ful in the future about getting our new machines confounded with old ones, and have always made it a point to send nothing to your paper except that which is entirely new and will continue to do so in the future; but as we have got into this hole entirely through a misunderstanding, we feel that it is only proper that you should let the matter rest as it is, as it is not likely that many of your readers have noticed that the machine is the same as Warner & Swasey. In fact, we doubt very much whether any other parties have commented upon it with the ex-ception of the Warner & Swasey people, and they are only sore that we should enter upon the market with the same kind of machine as they are building. Yours truly,
THE DAVIS & EGAN MACHINE TOOL CO. B. B. QUILLEN, Secretary. * * *
SOME MODERN SHAPERS.
I.-NILES TOOL WORKS, HAMILTON, OHIO.
2.-PEDRICK & AYER CO.; PHILADELPHIA. PA
. 3.-PRENTISS-TOOL & SUPPLY CO.. NEW YORK, N. Y.
4.-FITCHBURG MACHINE WORKS, FITCHBURG, MASS.
5.-FOX MACHINE CO., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.
6.-FLATHER & CO., NASHUA, N. H.
ONE of the annoying errors which sometimes creep into print made us refer to the latest catalog of the W. & S. Hydraulic Machinery Works, 204 East 43d street, New York, as 7.-DAVIS & EGAN MACHINE TOOL CO., CINCINNATI, OHIO.
8.-SPRINGFIELD MACHINE TOOL CO., SPRINGFIELD, OHIO.
9.-PRATT & WHITNEY CO., HARTFORD, CONN.
10.-GEORGE D. WALCOTT & CO., JACKSON, MICH.
II.-HENDEY MACHINE CO., TORRINGTON, CONN.
I2.-GOULD & EBERHARDT, NEWARK, N. J.
13.-NEWTON MACHINE TOOL WORKS, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
containing their " imported " jacks, instead of improved" jacks. This was rather exasperating, as they employ both men and materials of native origin and do not import anything. The error lies between the poor penmanship of the writer, the compositor and the proof-reader, and the feud hasn't been settled yet. * * *
TWIST DRILL CLEARANCE.-If the clearance of a twist drill is not perfect, the drill will not cut ; the application of power to force it to cut will either crush or split.
1 st shaper drawings top
May, 1896 .
GEAR-OLOGY.
> SOME MODERN SHAPERS.
On this and the following pages are illustrated most of the lead-ing shapers on the American market to-day ; the general appear-ance being shown in the photographic reproductions below and a few details among the descriptive matter which follows. These are not as complete as might be desired, owing to our inability to se-cure the required information from the makers, and the amount of readng matter does not necessarily reflect the value of a machine as some of the best known machines have the least text for the very reason that they are well-known. One or two makers are bringing out new designs, and not wishing to show their older ones, yet not being ready with the new, preferred to be omitted from the collection. We believe much is to be gained by a care-ful study of existing designs in any line of machinery, for, as has been truly said, there is much information to be had from catalogs of leading tool builders, more at times than can be obtained in any other way, as they show the machines that are actually in successful operation. The descriptions follow in alphabetical order.
DAVIS & EGAN MACHINE TOOL CO., CINCINNATI, OHIO.
The accompanying cut shows the design and construction of this make of crank shaper. The movement of the ram is of the vibrating arm type and, as is clearly shown on the drawings, the crank pin for regulating the stroke is adjusted by a screw and bevel gears from the outside of the machine while in motion. The top of the vibrating arm is made fork shaped, and double links, a a, connect it with the attaching shoe of the ram. This shoe, sliding on the under side of the ram, is operated by means of a pair of mitre gears c c, screw b and stem A, to change the relative position of the cutting tool to the table. This can also be done while the machine is running and the usual clamp
arrangement d holds it firm to the ram. The vibrating arm shaft is provided with a segment, indexed to show the length of the stroke. A novel self-adjusting feeding device is applied to the cross feed screw so as to avoid setting for the different positions of the table. The connecting rod e has at its front end a rack which has a reciprocating motion, meshing with pinion h, which is fixed to the rocking pawl carrier f, and so transmits motion to the ratchet wheel g fastened to the cross feed screw. The double links before mentioned, provide an open space under the ram, through which long shafts can be passed for cutting key-ways. The ram adjusts near the head, which is a convenience to the operator, as he need not move from the front of the machine to make his adjustments. The top part of column is carried forward several inches, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Swasey catalogue, is that previ-ous to getting up this machine we wished to get our circulars out quickly and had the new cut made from the one in their catalogue and see no objection to this what-ever, as the machine is exactly like theirs, and why should we not use the cut just as well ? This is our business and we see no rea-son why other people should in-terest themselves in it. We shall certainly be more care-ful in the future about getting our new machines confounded with old ones, and have always made it a point to send nothing to your paper except that which is entirely new and will continue to do so in the future; but as we have got into this hole entirely through a misunderstanding, we feel that it is only proper that you should let the matter rest as it is, as it is not likely that many of your readers have noticed that the machine is the same as Warner & Swasey. In fact, we doubt very much whether any other parties have commented upon it with the ex-ception of the Warner & Swasey people, and they are only sore that we should enter upon the market with the same kind of machine as they are building. Yours truly,
THE DAVIS & EGAN MACHINE TOOL CO. B. B. QUILLEN, Secretary. * * *
SOME MODERN SHAPERS.
I.-NILES TOOL WORKS, HAMILTON, OHIO.
2.-PEDRICK & AYER CO.; PHILADELPHIA. PA
. 3.-PRENTISS-TOOL & SUPPLY CO.. NEW YORK, N. Y.
4.-FITCHBURG MACHINE WORKS, FITCHBURG, MASS.
5.-FOX MACHINE CO., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.
6.-FLATHER & CO., NASHUA, N. H.
ONE of the annoying errors which sometimes creep into print made us refer to the latest catalog of the W. & S. Hydraulic Machinery Works, 204 East 43d street, New York, as 7.-DAVIS & EGAN MACHINE TOOL CO., CINCINNATI, OHIO.
8.-SPRINGFIELD MACHINE TOOL CO., SPRINGFIELD, OHIO.
9.-PRATT & WHITNEY CO., HARTFORD, CONN.
10.-GEORGE D. WALCOTT & CO., JACKSON, MICH.
II.-HENDEY MACHINE CO., TORRINGTON, CONN.
I2.-GOULD & EBERHARDT, NEWARK, N. J.
13.-NEWTON MACHINE TOOL WORKS, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
containing their " imported " jacks, instead of improved" jacks. This was rather exasperating, as they employ both men and materials of native origin and do not import anything. The error lies between the poor penmanship of the writer, the compositor and the proof-reader, and the feud hasn't been settled yet. * * *
TWIST DRILL CLEARANCE.-If the clearance of a twist drill is not perfect, the drill will not cut ; the application of power to force it to cut will either crush or split.
MACHINERY May, 1896. Knickerbocker Engine Works, Hartford, Conn.
Every man or woman is planning how to scale the actual time down and thus raise their hourly profits. " Smart Alecs" (excuse the term, but it expresses the idea plainest in shop lore) generally get this method tangled up, and then we hear of its being a failure because " the plant was too large " or the work was not suited for it, while the real truth is, it is in the hands of one who knows it all and doesn't know any-thing. In the sixth line of the fourth paragraph, in the first column of page 225, April issue, the word " employes " should be " employers ;" the error was so plain, however, as to cause no misun-derstanding.
THOMAS H. WATSON.
Thomas H. Watson, of Watson & Stillman, died on April 6, at his home, 411 Lexington avenue, New York City, from inflam-mation of the brain, following a severe cold contracted about two weeks previous. He was born in England, in 1836, but came to this country with his parents when he was two years old. After an apprenticeship in an East side machine shop in Sheriff street, New York, he became foreman for the firm of Dudgeon & Lyon, about forty years ago. This firm was dissolved in 1 86o, and Mr. Watson became superintendent for Eliphalet Lyon, the surviving partner. In 1876 he became a partner in the firm of E. Lyon & Co., the other partners being his former employer and Francis H. Stillman. On the death of Mr. Lyon, in 1883, Mr. Watson and Mr. Stillman formed the firm of Watson & Stillman, at 470 Grand street, moving to their present quarters, 210 East 43d street, about 1885. Mr. Watson had not been actively engaged in the business for the past two or three years. MACHINERY.pg 277
THE KNICKERBOCKER ENGINE. After over four years of quiet work, experimenting, testing and perfecting this engine, the makers are now ready to put them on the market with their full guarantee, believing that they have overcome every fault, and that the test engines which have been running for over two years sustain this belief. These engines have not had the cover off for adjustment of any kind. It
ball and socket connections, so when each piston in rotation pushes on the crosshead, the crosshead describes the surface lines of a cone whose apex is at the center of the universal con-nection. The crank-pin being the further extension of the cross-head takes this motion and has a constant application of the push of one and a half to two cylinders during the full revolution, and is pushing one way all the time. The engine runs noise-lessly, has short connections a n d not much weight to throw, which can be thoroughly balanced, and the stroke of engine piston being only one-quarter of the entire stroke, the engine can be run at a high speed. Having the motion made by the en-gine in mind, it will be noticed that all the con-nections have only a movement resembling the figure 8 ;
FIG. I.
The reversing gear takes the same position in the reversing engine ; is simply a sleeve with a spiral slot and rim to catch a yoke. This yoke has a stem going out through the head ; pull or push on this stem and the eccentric is thrown one way or the other across the center ; when directly on the center the valve closes all the ports ; when thrown to either side it opens or closes the ports with any cut-off wished from full to nothing. Taking as example the simple engine with 4% inches cylinders and 41q. inches stroke. This is 14 inches in diameter and 32 inches long over all, and should run at 600 to Soo revolutions, using any steam pressure wished, and there is the power of two double acting steam engines of the ordinary type of the same area, stroke, revolution and pressure. Figs. 2, 3, and 4 show the case removed, a section through cylinders and a horizontal section respectively. It is made by the Knickerbocker Engine Works, Hartford, Conn.
FIG. 2. *
FIG. 3.
FIG. 4.
that is that run parallel, but must cross and no two lines can ever recross ; or the connections have only a polishing wear. In the steam admission, the valve is a ring around the eccen-tric and loose ; steam surrounds entirely the outer circumference, the eccentric attached to the valve shaft turns, but the valve slides on the eccentricity, covering and uncovering the ports with a sliding motion and not a center to center motion. The governor is attached directly to the eccentric and lies in the exhaust chamber adjoining the steam chest. The re- overcome every fault, and that the test engines which have been running for over two years sustain this belief. These engines have not had the cover off for adjustment o f any kind. It was first con-ceived as a boat engine, w hi ch should have no dead centers, and which could be operated from the steer-ing wheel or any other part of the boat. The makers wish it understood that it is not a new tangled engine, but one which embodies the same principles as the ordinary hori-zontal engine, the difference being in applying this power to the main shaft. The pistons are free to turn so that they can rotate at each stroke and thus wear round. There are four small cylinders, as will be seen in Fig. T. which shows the parts of a simple reversing steam chest.
engine. Pictures tell their story more plainly than words, and these show the mechanism quite plainly. Instead of the crosshead running back and forth on long ways, it is hung at the end of the cylinders on a large ball and socket connection. Piston-rod connections with the crosshead:are all * * *
WE are pleased to note the return of George A. Bernard, M. E., to his old post as New York representative of the Buckeye Engine Company, at No. 39 Cortlandt street. Mr. Bernard is a charter member of the A. S. M. E., and has a host of friends in engineering circles. ****** ***
4 th shaper drawings text 2nd to bottom
Every man or woman is planning how to scale the actual time down and thus raise their hourly profits. " Smart Alecs" (excuse the term, but it expresses the idea plainest in shop lore) generally get this method tangled up, and then we hear of its being a failure because " the plant was too large " or the work was not suited for it, while the real truth is, it is in the hands of one who knows it all and doesn't know any-thing. In the sixth line of the fourth paragraph, in the first column of page 225, April issue, the word " employes " should be " employers ;" the error was so plain, however, as to cause no misun-derstanding.
THOMAS H. WATSON.
Thomas H. Watson, of Watson & Stillman, died on April 6, at his home, 411 Lexington avenue, New York City, from inflam-mation of the brain, following a severe cold contracted about two weeks previous. He was born in England, in 1836, but came to this country with his parents when he was two years old. After an apprenticeship in an East side machine shop in Sheriff street, New York, he became foreman for the firm of Dudgeon & Lyon, about forty years ago. This firm was dissolved in 1 86o, and Mr. Watson became superintendent for Eliphalet Lyon, the surviving partner. In 1876 he became a partner in the firm of E. Lyon & Co., the other partners being his former employer and Francis H. Stillman. On the death of Mr. Lyon, in 1883, Mr. Watson and Mr. Stillman formed the firm of Watson & Stillman, at 470 Grand street, moving to their present quarters, 210 East 43d street, about 1885. Mr. Watson had not been actively engaged in the business for the past two or three years. MACHINERY.pg 277
THE KNICKERBOCKER ENGINE. After over four years of quiet work, experimenting, testing and perfecting this engine, the makers are now ready to put them on the market with their full guarantee, believing that they have overcome every fault, and that the test engines which have been running for over two years sustain this belief. These engines have not had the cover off for adjustment of any kind. It
ball and socket connections, so when each piston in rotation pushes on the crosshead, the crosshead describes the surface lines of a cone whose apex is at the center of the universal con-nection. The crank-pin being the further extension of the cross-head takes this motion and has a constant application of the push of one and a half to two cylinders during the full revolution, and is pushing one way all the time. The engine runs noise-lessly, has short connections a n d not much weight to throw, which can be thoroughly balanced, and the stroke of engine piston being only one-quarter of the entire stroke, the engine can be run at a high speed. Having the motion made by the en-gine in mind, it will be noticed that all the con-nections have only a movement resembling the figure 8 ;
FIG. I.
The reversing gear takes the same position in the reversing engine ; is simply a sleeve with a spiral slot and rim to catch a yoke. This yoke has a stem going out through the head ; pull or push on this stem and the eccentric is thrown one way or the other across the center ; when directly on the center the valve closes all the ports ; when thrown to either side it opens or closes the ports with any cut-off wished from full to nothing. Taking as example the simple engine with 4% inches cylinders and 41q. inches stroke. This is 14 inches in diameter and 32 inches long over all, and should run at 600 to Soo revolutions, using any steam pressure wished, and there is the power of two double acting steam engines of the ordinary type of the same area, stroke, revolution and pressure. Figs. 2, 3, and 4 show the case removed, a section through cylinders and a horizontal section respectively. It is made by the Knickerbocker Engine Works, Hartford, Conn.
FIG. 2. *
FIG. 3.
FIG. 4.
that is that run parallel, but must cross and no two lines can ever recross ; or the connections have only a polishing wear. In the steam admission, the valve is a ring around the eccen-tric and loose ; steam surrounds entirely the outer circumference, the eccentric attached to the valve shaft turns, but the valve slides on the eccentricity, covering and uncovering the ports with a sliding motion and not a center to center motion. The governor is attached directly to the eccentric and lies in the exhaust chamber adjoining the steam chest. The re- overcome every fault, and that the test engines which have been running for over two years sustain this belief. These engines have not had the cover off for adjustment o f any kind. It was first con-ceived as a boat engine, w hi ch should have no dead centers, and which could be operated from the steer-ing wheel or any other part of the boat. The makers wish it understood that it is not a new tangled engine, but one which embodies the same principles as the ordinary hori-zontal engine, the difference being in applying this power to the main shaft. The pistons are free to turn so that they can rotate at each stroke and thus wear round. There are four small cylinders, as will be seen in Fig. T. which shows the parts of a simple reversing steam chest.
engine. Pictures tell their story more plainly than words, and these show the mechanism quite plainly. Instead of the crosshead running back and forth on long ways, it is hung at the end of the cylinders on a large ball and socket connection. Piston-rod connections with the crosshead:are all * * *
WE are pleased to note the return of George A. Bernard, M. E., to his old post as New York representative of the Buckeye Engine Company, at No. 39 Cortlandt street. Mr. Bernard is a charter member of the A. S. M. E., and has a host of friends in engineering circles. ****** ***
Shaper Drawings Page 274
Shaper Drawings Page 274>
hind the arm D in the small figure. The bevel gear A on other end of shaft meshes into the small gear on the right of shaft B, which in turn drives the other bevel gears shown and gives the feed to tool-block. As this swivels concentrically with the shaft B, it does not matter at what angle the head may be set, the feed is the same. The feed mechanism is shown at right hand of bed and does not differ materially from other devices for obtaining a similar feed. The desired stroke is obtained by varying the distance of the crank-pin from the center of disc, as is usual in crank shapers,
FIG. 2.
The relative position of the ram can be adjusted by usual slot and locking bolt. The ram is 4o inches long and has a bearing of 29 IZX 8 I2 inches. The saddle has a cross movement of 54 inches. The top of bed is 75 inches long and 20 inches wide. The head has a vertical movement of 514 inches, and is provided with power vertical and angular feed. The head is graduated so the tool can be set at any angle desired, and has a micrometer attachment on the feed screw reading to thousandths of an inch. It has two tables, each 16 and 12 X 17 inches, forming angle irons T6 I2 X 16 inches. These tables have a vertical movement of 14 inches ; greatest distance from bottom of ram to top of tables, 16 inches. A cone mandrel is provided with independent automatic circular feed. A hole through bed admits a 3-inch shaft for slotting. Cone has four changes, and is driven by a 4-inch belt. It is furnished with chuck and centers ; the centers swing 12 inches and take a piece 14 I2 inches long. Weight, 5,700 pounds.
adjusted by the rack and pinion movement shown in the photo-
FIG. 3.
graph. The slotted lever dips below the oil line at G, and throws the oil up on the sliding block, crank-pin, gears and bearing, insuring easy running. The ram can be adjusted while running, as in many other machines. As the crank-pin always has the same travel the wear on the pendulum is always the same, which is an advantage. Another feature of this arrangement is, that instead of having a forked connection between the ram and the top of the pendulum, there is a 4-inch steel pin, as indicated at H. This pin is in the under side of the nut and the pendulum is supported from it. This makes a very close connection and is not liable to much wear. *********
position. The advantages claimed for this are that there is no more pressure on main link F than that due to the cutting tool, the only wear likely to result in the other joints is due solely to turning of wrist-pin, and as links are all bushed with bronze the wear is slight. This arrangement is also claimed to preserve the same ratio of forward and back motion at all lengths of stroke, which is not the case with the sliding block. The feed mechan-ism is constructed so as to avoid bending and breaking of parts in case of any obstruction to table. Head is graduated and has a feed of 5 IZ inches at any angle. They are geared with a ratio varying from 1312 to 1 in the 12 and 14-inch machine to 2212 to I in the 26 and 28-inch machine, which makes them capable of heavy work. They vary in weight from 1,100 pounds for the 12-inch machine to 3,200 pounds for the 28-inch.
SPRINGFIELD MACHINE TOOL CO., SPRINGFIELD, OHIO.
This is of the crank driven type, great simplicity and durability being among its claims of merit. High belt speed is used, giving sufficient power, while the gearing is amply strong for the work put upon it. All gears are cut from the solid, and this is also especially true of pinions which are cut in the ends of shafts having full diameter of outside of pinion. Automatic cross feed is provided in a very direct manner, as shown. The vise is solidly built, has graduated base and can be used on sides of box table if desired. The saddle and table are moved vertically by a rack and pinion instead of a screw, the pinion being controlled by a vertical worm, operated by the handle at back of carriage. A liberal bearing surface and careful attention to details makes this a very complete and substantial tool
GEORGE D. WALCOTT-& SON, JACKSON, MICH.
These are quite heavy tools, as will be seen from this photo-graph, the construction fitting them for the heaviest work. The ram is supported over the table to a considerable extent, 8 inches in their 34 inch machine; this stiffens the guides appreciably and does away with considerable spring, which is too often noticeable in shapers. As in most modern machines the stroke can be changed while running. There is an opening under the ram for long shafts, as in a few other machines. Automatic cross feed is provided, as well as
Hyd Cylinders Design 1896
be shown later on, water has a very limited scope, and when uncompressed possesses no elasticity of figure or rigidity at all. As in an incompressible fluid exactly as in all fluids in general, any tangential stress, however small, produces a permanent deformation and eventually a radical change of shape, all the calculations for hydraulic vessels are based on internal stresses, dealing only as far as the fluids are concerned, with the follow-ing properties: Compression, compressibility and elasticity, or resilience of volume. Water, which is one of the substances most necessary to ani-mal life, is lavishly distributed all over the globe, and is a per-manent, perfect fluid, practically non-elastic when under pres-sure, and unalterable in its chemical composition by any mechani-cal action. Water, as many other liquids of corresponding density and contrary to all solids, has such adaptation to change of form that when acting on its natural medium, atmospheric pressure fills all the interstices of the vessel in which it is con-fined, exerting an equal pressure at every point, and in whatever direction or side. Under a pressure of 30000 pounds per square inch water will reduce its bulk about Tts of its original volume, and will assume the latter as soon as the pressure is relieved. Any amount of water, however small, will, by the use of proper contrivances, counterbalance and overcome the resistance of any other amount infinitely greater. One cubic foot of water is usually rated at 62 pounds at a tem-perature of 52 degrees Fahr. A cylinder one foot in diameter and one foot long will hold 483A pounds of water at a temperature of 62 degrees Fahr. The molecular nature of the particles of water has a great cohesic affinity, their atoms endeavoring to be always in contact. Under a pressure of about 9500 pounds per square inch water will ooze through a sound cast iron shell 8 inches thick and at a pressure of 220 pounds per square inch through a shell IZ inch thick. On calculating the strength of cast iron cylinders of thick walls care should be taken of two important questions. The first one is the irregularity and lack of uniformity with which a thick cast iron cylinder is cooled, which makes them comparatively weaker than thinner ones. Iron for thick cylinders should be of the best. *********
hind the arm D in the small figure. The bevel gear A on other end of shaft meshes into the small gear on the right of shaft B, which in turn drives the other bevel gears shown and gives the feed to tool-block. As this swivels concentrically with the shaft B, it does not matter at what angle the head may be set, the feed is the same. The feed mechanism is shown at right hand of bed and does not differ materially from other devices for obtaining a similar feed. The desired stroke is obtained by varying the distance of the crank-pin from the center of disc, as is usual in crank shapers,
FIG. 2.
The relative position of the ram can be adjusted by usual slot and locking bolt. The ram is 4o inches long and has a bearing of 29 IZX 8 I2 inches. The saddle has a cross movement of 54 inches. The top of bed is 75 inches long and 20 inches wide. The head has a vertical movement of 514 inches, and is provided with power vertical and angular feed. The head is graduated so the tool can be set at any angle desired, and has a micrometer attachment on the feed screw reading to thousandths of an inch. It has two tables, each 16 and 12 X 17 inches, forming angle irons T6 I2 X 16 inches. These tables have a vertical movement of 14 inches ; greatest distance from bottom of ram to top of tables, 16 inches. A cone mandrel is provided with independent automatic circular feed. A hole through bed admits a 3-inch shaft for slotting. Cone has four changes, and is driven by a 4-inch belt. It is furnished with chuck and centers ; the centers swing 12 inches and take a piece 14 I2 inches long. Weight, 5,700 pounds.
adjusted by the rack and pinion movement shown in the photo-
FIG. 3.
graph. The slotted lever dips below the oil line at G, and throws the oil up on the sliding block, crank-pin, gears and bearing, insuring easy running. The ram can be adjusted while running, as in many other machines. As the crank-pin always has the same travel the wear on the pendulum is always the same, which is an advantage. Another feature of this arrangement is, that instead of having a forked connection between the ram and the top of the pendulum, there is a 4-inch steel pin, as indicated at H. This pin is in the under side of the nut and the pendulum is supported from it. This makes a very close connection and is not liable to much wear. *********
position. The advantages claimed for this are that there is no more pressure on main link F than that due to the cutting tool, the only wear likely to result in the other joints is due solely to turning of wrist-pin, and as links are all bushed with bronze the wear is slight. This arrangement is also claimed to preserve the same ratio of forward and back motion at all lengths of stroke, which is not the case with the sliding block. The feed mechan-ism is constructed so as to avoid bending and breaking of parts in case of any obstruction to table. Head is graduated and has a feed of 5 IZ inches at any angle. They are geared with a ratio varying from 1312 to 1 in the 12 and 14-inch machine to 2212 to I in the 26 and 28-inch machine, which makes them capable of heavy work. They vary in weight from 1,100 pounds for the 12-inch machine to 3,200 pounds for the 28-inch.
SPRINGFIELD MACHINE TOOL CO., SPRINGFIELD, OHIO.
This is of the crank driven type, great simplicity and durability being among its claims of merit. High belt speed is used, giving sufficient power, while the gearing is amply strong for the work put upon it. All gears are cut from the solid, and this is also especially true of pinions which are cut in the ends of shafts having full diameter of outside of pinion. Automatic cross feed is provided in a very direct manner, as shown. The vise is solidly built, has graduated base and can be used on sides of box table if desired. The saddle and table are moved vertically by a rack and pinion instead of a screw, the pinion being controlled by a vertical worm, operated by the handle at back of carriage. A liberal bearing surface and careful attention to details makes this a very complete and substantial tool
GEORGE D. WALCOTT-& SON, JACKSON, MICH.
These are quite heavy tools, as will be seen from this photo-graph, the construction fitting them for the heaviest work. The ram is supported over the table to a considerable extent, 8 inches in their 34 inch machine; this stiffens the guides appreciably and does away with considerable spring, which is too often noticeable in shapers. As in most modern machines the stroke can be changed while running. There is an opening under the ram for long shafts, as in a few other machines. Automatic cross feed is provided, as well as
Hyd Cylinders Design 1896
be shown later on, water has a very limited scope, and when uncompressed possesses no elasticity of figure or rigidity at all. As in an incompressible fluid exactly as in all fluids in general, any tangential stress, however small, produces a permanent deformation and eventually a radical change of shape, all the calculations for hydraulic vessels are based on internal stresses, dealing only as far as the fluids are concerned, with the follow-ing properties: Compression, compressibility and elasticity, or resilience of volume. Water, which is one of the substances most necessary to ani-mal life, is lavishly distributed all over the globe, and is a per-manent, perfect fluid, practically non-elastic when under pres-sure, and unalterable in its chemical composition by any mechani-cal action. Water, as many other liquids of corresponding density and contrary to all solids, has such adaptation to change of form that when acting on its natural medium, atmospheric pressure fills all the interstices of the vessel in which it is con-fined, exerting an equal pressure at every point, and in whatever direction or side. Under a pressure of 30000 pounds per square inch water will reduce its bulk about Tts of its original volume, and will assume the latter as soon as the pressure is relieved. Any amount of water, however small, will, by the use of proper contrivances, counterbalance and overcome the resistance of any other amount infinitely greater. One cubic foot of water is usually rated at 62 pounds at a tem-perature of 52 degrees Fahr. A cylinder one foot in diameter and one foot long will hold 483A pounds of water at a temperature of 62 degrees Fahr. The molecular nature of the particles of water has a great cohesic affinity, their atoms endeavoring to be always in contact. Under a pressure of about 9500 pounds per square inch water will ooze through a sound cast iron shell 8 inches thick and at a pressure of 220 pounds per square inch through a shell IZ inch thick. On calculating the strength of cast iron cylinders of thick walls care should be taken of two important questions. The first one is the irregularity and lack of uniformity with which a thick cast iron cylinder is cooled, which makes them comparatively weaker than thinner ones. Iron for thick cylinders should be of the best. *********