to the line and special-purpose drills displaced single-spindle equipment. Turret lathes were used originally for rough bor-ing, turning the outside diameter at the flange end, facing the flange and turning a pilot on the cylinder barrel. To cope with the sharp increase ordered in production of barrels for engine output and service requirements, a number of Bullard Mult-Au-Matics have been installed. Application of Kennametal or Vascoloy Ramet carbide tools to turning the balance of the cylinder barrel outside diameter has so increased production that the subsequent operation—finning—became a bottleneck. Output on the turning operation was increased from one barrel in 11 min. with high-speed steel tools to one barrel in 21 min. with Kennametal carbide tools. Since the back arm on the machines was not caromed to traverse across the wide section in which fins are cut, a shaving tool was worked out to handle the 5* in. total width in a plunge cut, using 0.011 in. feed. Finning is done in the conventional manner on Fay automatics. The cylinder barrel is not hardened, as is the case with high-output types of aircraft engines. This circumstance permits utilization of

Hanson-Whitney thread millers that the plant had on hand. To bolster the production line, thread grinders were specified to avoid trouble with deliveries of thread milling tools. Many thousands of dollars worth of tools are saved each month by extensive salvaging operations. When finning tools are worji down too short for further use, two of them are held end to end in close align-ment in a simple box fixture and torch welded together. Continental made good use of converted turret lathes to machine aluminum pistons. For operations on the wristpin hole, a fixture was substituted for the turret, and toolbars were driven in succession by the headstock collet after pushing them through the workpiece and guide bushings in the fixture. Rough boring was done with a four-flute tool ; semi-finish and finish boring with single-point carbide tools. Fol-lowing these operations the hole was line reamed. Piston turning and facing operations were placed on old equipment. Production averaged 20 pieces per grind with high-speed tools. Substitution of Ramet carbide tools boosted tool life to 6,000 pieces per grind, and greater production was achieved through speeding up the machines. An old Warner & Swasey No. 4 turret lathe was tooled up for finishing the bore and re-/. lated surfaces in the rocker 11 arm, a part required in con-siderable quantities 1242 Radius grinding of such parts as valve push rods has been put on a production basis by equipping old Landis grind-ers with a swiveling power-operated workhead incorpo-rating a collet chuck AMERICAN MACHINIST OCTOBER 29, 1942 pg 1242

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12th pic down page 1214 Women to work 1942.
ESTABLISHED 1877 AMERICAN MACHINIST BURNHAM FINNEY,
Editor A woman is instructed in the proper method of filing. Women frequently ask for suggestions as to how they can do their work better
>How We Put Women to Work BY WENDELL E. WHIPP, PRESIDENT, THE MONARCH MACHINE TOOL COMPANY
A plant which plans to employ women for machine operation and assembly must make plans carefully before hiring begins THE MACHINE-TOOL industry has in normal times used very few women employees on machine production. In most plants the work has been consid-ered more suitable to the physiques of men, and only recently has thought been given to employing women operators. At Monarch we put off the actual employing of women just as long as we could—we didnt bring ourselves to do it until there were virtually no more OCTOBER 29, 1942 employable men available. But for many months we thought about it and gathered as much information as we could so that as the time came nearer bringing women into the plant did not seem quite the revolutionary step it had always been considered. Last March we went to three-shift, seven-day operations and with that step we realized that we had reached the practical limit of available man-power in our area. Among those women making appli-cation for employment was one in par-ticular who showed unusual promise. She was a mature woman, with a back-ground embracing considerable busi-ness and legal experience ; and it occurred to us that we might well take her on, and use her as a laboratory experiment with the idea that she might act in the capacity of "Supervisor of Women" in case we later employed a large number of women in our plant. The woman we thought eventually might be the Supervisor of Women in our shop went from department to department, trying out the jobs on a wide variety of machines, to find out whether a woman could perform them. She was successful with almost all of them. As a result of her personal experimentation on these different operations, we were convinced that in our plant women could successfully under-take almost any of the jobs which had been performed by men. After the first of August women were added as rapidly as they could be absorbed. Today, out of the total
pg.1213  

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   13th pic down page 208 Women to work 1942.

Below. Women have proved themselves able to handle all types of machine operations; the only differentiation so far has been made on a basis of physical effort 

Left. Women excel in work requiring manual dexterity and speed. Be-low. About half of the women who have been employed at Monarch are on assembly work 
factory force of 2,600, 300 are women. On the first shift, which is the day shift, there are 95 women in the ma-chine division. On the second shift there are 102 and on the third shift there are 103. These women are about equally divided between machine op-eration and assembly. Generally speaking, the women in the older age brackets are assigned to the assembly division, and the younger women are used in the machine divi-sion because of their capacity to learn the operations rapidly and their dex-terity in handling machines. Women are used to operate all types of ma-chines with the exception of planers, heavy turret chucking lathes, and other heavy work. They have proved themselves well able to handle all types of machining operations, and our only differentiation between men and women thus far has been entirely on the basis of degree of physical effort. Women have shown themselves just as capable of learning how to operate machines as have the new men. In fact, with respect to some types of opera-tions, they have shown themselves su-perior to men. They do particularly well in work requiring consistent care and alertness—in jobs where it is neces-sary to work to close tolerances, involv-ing the use of gages, micrometers, and 

I 2 I 4 
other checking equipment—but calling for little physical exertion. Women also excel in work requiring manual dexterity and speed in repeti-tive movements. This is especially true in work which permits the operator to set her own tempo, and where she can work in a sitting position. At the same time we are not sure that whether a woman sits down or stands up at the job makes any great differ-ence. We have found that most of the women prefer to stand up at a job at which they might just as well sit on a stool. 
Realize Their Importance These women realize that in work-ing in our plant they are helping to win the war. They are finding that a woman can help in this war just as well as a man, and they are determined to do their job just as well as a man could do it. Our superintendents noticed a woman on an assembly job where it was necessary for her to lift a weight getting close to the 25-lb. limit pre-scribed by Ohio laws. He asked the foreman to change her to a lighter as-sembly job. The woman said : "I'll work any place you put me, but I don't want you to get the idea that this job is too heavy for a woman. I'm no panty waist." 

I cite this instance simply to show that as far as we can see, women are not asking for any discrimination or any special consideration because of their sex. This is one of the reasons why we have adopted the wage policy we have with respect to women. The starting rate for women is five cents less per hour than the starting rate for men, with an automatic five-cent hourly-rate increase at the expiration of a 30-day probationary period. Women employ-ees who have been through the six-weeks training course in the vocational department of our local schools start at the same wage as men, as do women going through our own vestibule train-ing school. In short, while it is necessary for psychological reasons, under some cir-cumstances, to start women at a rate slightly lower than that under which men are started, we are operating on the principle that women are entitled to equal pay with men for equal work done ; and this, we are convinced, is the only fair basis of compensation. New girls are usually put to work in pairs, side by side in the same depart-ment. The supervisor of women intro-duces the girls to the foreman of the department, and paves the way for their acceptance in that department. The girls feel that they can talk to 
AMERICAN MACHINIST 
 

pg.1214  

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14th pic down page 208 Women to work 1942 pg 1215.
Girls take their jobs seriously and ke-o their eyes on their work rather than looking around.
the supervisor of women on any per-sonal matters which have to do with the feminine side of the picture—but they are definitely under the foreman. The question of work costume seems to be one which has bothered many companies who have considered taking women into their employ. This has worked out very naturally, without any difficulty whatever. The girls adopted, more or less as the standard costume, slacks, a sleeveless shirt, bandana hand-kerchief, and the machinist's apron. There were variations in colors and styles, and each girl likes to get her hair done in whatever way she chooses, but on the whole, feminine costume con-forms to a general type which is prac-tical for the sort of work performed. We once wondered what would be the effect on morale if we brought women into the shop. The net result has been to step up the morale of the entire organization. The girls take their jobs seriously. They keep their eyes on their work in-stead of looking around the shop or grumbling about this or that. They fre-quently ask for suggestions as to how they can do their work better, and we get some valuable ideas from them. To save floor space, our lathes are placed very close together with the work boxes at one end. This has meant that the operator had to step from the 
• 
OCTOBER 29, 1942 
normal working position in front of the lathe to the end of the lathe in the course of the loading and unloading operation. After a girl had been operating one of our lathes for several days, she asked the foreman if she could have a little stand on each side of her, so that she could operate the machine without taking a single unnecessary step. Here was an example of a woman applying in the plant exactly the same work-saving principles which she had learned in the kitchen. A man might not think about it--but a woman thinks about saving steps, and the result is increased output. Two Vital Advance Steps If you are going to employ women, don't get up to the dead-line without making preparations. There are two vital advance steps which must be made. The first has to lo with toilets and rest room facilitie Entirely aside from obvious practica ,onsiderations, most states have laws dealing with toi-lets and rest room facilities for women. Plumbing equipment can't be ordered at the last minute. It takes time to get deliveries, so orders must be placed several weeks before you expect to have women start. The other point is that you must have a reasonable, mature ,-4 experi-
enced woman—capable of handling women's problems—on the job ahead of time. She should understand from personal experience the nature of the work to be done and the questions which will arise from the feminine viewpoint. It is necessary therefore to obtain a woman of this type far in advance of the actual employment of large num-bers of women. She should be brought in early—put through a course of train-ing, with respect to the various opera-tions involved—and made to under-stand that she is to function in the ca-pacity of what you might call the "Dean of Women" for your organ-ization. Owing to development and design, the machine tool now does the physical work which formerly was done by the operator. The machine tool has within itself the precision and the power needed to get the job done. All that the operator has to do is to have the in-telligence and the dexterity to operate the machine. It no longer takes muscle to be a machine tool operator. It takes a certain type of craftsmanship, which the younger generation have shown that they possess to a high degree. It seems natural that girls should be able to learn this craftsmanship just as well and as rapidly as boys, and so make good machine operators. 
1 2 1 5 
 

 

1224Old Machines Rebuilt for War Work 

t

 

C. D. Binding, who heads the rehabilitation work, fingers the table of Milwaukee milling machine 

that of a '10 x 36-in. Norton internal grinding machine, which was built in 1918 and had been in use for the 24 years since then. This machine, except for the frame, was completely rebuilt. The ways, the table, the wheel-head and the wheel-head slide were re-machined and hand scraped ; the spindle bearings were renewed ; and by means of new gearing, bushing, shafts and clutches the machine had its "intestinal fortitude" restored. For replacement of some of the parts, such as pulleys and pump, patterns were made and sent out for the securing of castings. When a double-end Sunstrand centering machine, built in 1929, was received it was completely worn out. In reconditioning it, all the finished surfaces were machined, new spindles and spindle bearings were put in place, the turret was rebored, rebushed, and re-faced, and trued up in line with the spindle. As a result, this machine was in the line of those ready for shipment to one of the plants having an urgent need for it. 

OCTOBER 29, 1942 
 
An American Tool engine lathe, purchased in 1905, came to the shop out of the scrap yard at one of the plants. This 37-year old machine is now back in war production. To bring that about called for various lines of recondition-ing. One was supplying it with a new headstock. Another was metallizing the spindle bearings. Another was cutting teeth in gears, by means of the shop milling machines.

Cooperation from Builders

In the rehabilitation work at the Har-vester machine shop the management of the shop is getting liberal coopera-tion from the machine tool manufac-tures, with their catalogs, advice from their sales engineers, and sometimes with replacement parts. But as is well known in the industry, the machine tool manufacturers often cannot stop to ship out parts for old machines. Not-withstanding their remarkable increases in production, they are pushed to the limit on rush orders for complete new machine tools for war industries. Like other manufacturers converting largely to war production, Harvester often found that either it could not ob-tain needed new machine tools at all or else would have well-nigh hopeless de-lays in obtaining them. From the out-set of the defense production period the company had followed the policy of not selling obsolete or worn-out or adaptable machines except for war pro-duction. Moreover, this company had succeeded in offsetting delays about getting small cutting tools by setting up a centralized tool salvage department at its Milwaukee Works and gathering 

The 16-year old, rusty run-down Norton grinder at the left is ready for a reconditioning such as the 24-year old grinder at the right has just received 
page 1225 
 

    into that department worn cutting tools from all its plants and providing for their rehabilitation. Furthermore, in getting started on the manufacture of 75-mm. shells at one of its plants, J. E. Harris, now superintendent of another Harvester plant making 20-mm. auto-matic airplane cannon, had found that by adding skilled machinists to the tool-makers in the plant's machine shop old abandoned machines would be rehabili-tated with such success as to advance production advantageously. So when the company took on the manufacture of the T-7 light tank for the Ordnance Department, it pointed out that production could be pushed to advantage, with savings of thousands of hours at the plants and thousands of dollars for the taxpayers, if it set up a centralized machine shop primarily for rehabilitating and adapting old ma-chine tools of most of the kinds re-quired. 

Selecting the Plant

Told to go ahead, the company found a plant where the equipment included fifteen engine lathes, seven planers, two vertical boring mills, two shapers, two radial drills, three milling ma-chines, one internal grinding machine, one external grinding machine, facili-ties for arc welding and acetylene weld-ing, wood pattern making equipment, and 30 bench vises. Another feature of the plant was that the Ostrander-Seymour Company, which had operated it, had a force of 35 skilled bench mechanics, who had been in that company's work on the average for fifteen years and who were available to carry on as a Harvester shop force, or at least as the foundation of such a force. So were their machine foreman and their bench foreman, the latter ha.ving been on the job since 1902. At first only four of these machinists were put on harvester work. Then each week more were transferred to it. By March 15 the Ostrander-Seymour work had been cleaned up, and all were en-gaged on Harvester rehabilitation of machines for war production. Since then the force has been built up to 60, and it is planned to increase it to 150. In the recruiting, one of the seasoned machinists added to the force is a former gunsmith, aged 64, who had retired, but, being in good health, was desirous of doing his bit in war work at his trade, and so applied for a job at this shop. Several others had been in automobile repair shops. Two such had owned their own businesses, but had been closed out by the war limitations. They have advanced rap-idly toward the status of mechanics. Each veteran machinist is given one or 
1226 

A group of machinists are rebuilding several 4-in. Lo-swing lathes. The men in the foreground are using a large straight edge for marking the ways 

    more inexperienced men to help him and be trained by him. Among the latter are white collar men who never before had been in a machine shop. One of these, for example, was for-merly a salesman, not of industrial equipment, but of insurance. He had been attending a machine-shop practice school for a week when he was taken on. His case is cited as an example of 
how an alert man with no previous me-chanical experience can advance in promising fashion in these days when it is necessary to produce quickly not only machine-tools but also machinists and machinists' helpers. No formal classes are held, and of course it is found that some of the veteran machin-ists are more skillful than others in teaching their helpers. 

Industrial Truck Care Pays Dividends  (Not part of this article)
Because of the ruggedness of industrial trucks, maintenance is neglected in many plants according to A. E. Dorod, assistant chief engineer, Baker Indus-trial Truck Division of The Baker-Raulang Company. Trucks are forced, by going from low to high speed with heavy loads ; they are plugged in re-verse to stop ; they are rammed and skidded around corners. To care properly for industrial trucks, good floor conditions should be provided and the trucks should not be overloaded. The truck should be inspected weekly by a competent me-chanic, and lubricated regularly accord-ing to the manufacturer's recommen-dations. A log should be kept covering the inspection findings, lubrications, adjustments, and repairs. In this way any part calling for excessive care can be spotted and the cause corrected be-fore serious damage occurs. It is well to blow the dust off the truck daily before oiling. The battery should be checked at the same time. It is advis-able to make a complete overhaul every six months. 
AMERICAN MACHINIST 
 

     

C. D. Binding, who heads the rehabilitation work, fingers the table of Milwaukee milling machine 
that of a '10 x 36-in. Norton internal grinding machine, which was built in 1918 and had been in use for the 24 years since then. This machine, except for the frame, was completely rebuilt. The ways, the table, the wheel-head and the wheel-head slide were re-machined and hand scraped ; the spin-dle bearings were renewed ; and by means of new gearing, bushing, shafts and clutches the machine had its "intestinal fortitude" restored. For replacement of some of the parts, such as pul-leys and pump, patterns were made and sent out for the securing of castings. When a double-end Sunstrand cen-tering machine, built in 1929, was received it was completely worn out. In reconditioning it, all the finished sur-faces were machined, new spindles and spindle bearings were put in place, the turret was rebored, rebushed, and re-faced, and trued up in line with the spindle. As a result, this machine was in the line of those ready for shipment to one of the plants having an urgent need for it. 

OCTOBER 29, 1942 
a rebuilt 
An American Tool engine lathe, purchased in 1905, came to the shop out of the scrap yard at one of the plants.

This 37-year old machine is now back in war production. To bring that about called for various lines of recondition-ing. One was supplying it with a new headstock. Another was metallizing the spindle bearings. Another was cutting teeth in gears, by means of the shop milling machines. Cooperation from Builders In the rehabilitation work at the Har-vester machine shop the management of the shop is getting liberal coopera-tion from the machine tool manufactures, with their catalogs, advice from their sales engineers, and sometimes with replacement parts. But as is well known in the industry, the machine tool manufacturers often cannot stop to ship out parts for old machines. Not-withstanding their remarkable increases in production, they are pushed to the limit on rush orders for complete new machine tools for war industries. Like other manufacturers converting largely to war production, Harvester often found that either it could not ob-tain needed new machine tools at all or else would have well-nigh hopeless de-lays in obtaining them. From the out-set of the defense production period the company had followed the policy of not selling obsolete or worn-out or adaptable machines except for war pro-duction. Moreover, this company had succeeded in offsetting delays about getting small cutting tools by setting up a centralized tool salvage department at its Milwaukee Works and gathering

The I 6-year old, rusty run-down Norton grinder at the left is ready for a reconditioning such as the 24-year old grinder at the right has just received    <