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It is Oct of 1942, what is happening....
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Medium Tank, M4 M4 Sherman tank - Flickr - Joost J. Bakker IJmuiden.jpg An M4 (105) Sherman tank with spare track-links welded on its front for additional armor protection, preserved at the Langenberg Liberation Memorial in Ede, Netherlands Type Medium tank Place of origin United States Service history In service 1942–1957 (United States) Used by United States, and many others (see Foreign variants and use) Wars World War II Indonesian National Revolution Greek Civil War First Indochina War 1948 Arab–Israeli War Korean War Cuban Revolution Revolución Libertadora Suez Crisis 1958 Lebanon crisis Nicaraguan Revolution Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Six-Day War Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Yom Kippur War Lebanese Civil War Uganda–Tanzania War Iran–Iraq War Production history Designer U.S. Army Ordnance Department Designed 1940 Manufacturer American Locomotive Company Baldwin Locomotive Works Detroit Tank Arsenal Federal Machine and Welder Company Fisher Tank Arsenal Ford Motor Company Lima Locomotive Works Pacific Car and Foundry Company Pressed Steel Car Company Pullman-Standard Car Company Unit cost $44,556–64,455 in 1945 dollars, depending upon variant ($607,861–879,336 in 2017 dollars)[1] Produced September 1941 (prototype) February 1942 – July 1945 No. built 49,234, excluding prototype[2] Variants See U.S. variants and foreign variants Specifications Mass 66,800–84,000 lb (33.4–42.0 short tons, 30.3–38.1 tonnes) depending upon variant[3] Length 19 ft 2 in–20 ft 7 in (5.84–6.27 m) depending upon variant[3] } Width 8 ft 7 in (2.62 m) to 9 ft 10 in (3.00 m) depending upon variant[3] Height 9 ft 0 in–9 ft 9 in (2.74–2.97 m) depending upon variant[3] Crew 5 (commander, gunner, loader, driver, assistant driver/bow gunner) Armor 12.7 to 177.8 mm (0.50 to 7.00 in) depending on location and variant[3] Main armament 75 mm gun M3 (90–104 rounds) or 76 mm gun M1A1, M1A1C, or M1A2 (71 rounds) or 105 mm howitzer M4 (66 rounds)[3] Secondary armament .50 caliber Browning M2HB machine gun (300–600 rounds), 2-4.30 caliber Browning M1919A4 machine guns (6,000–6,750 rounds) depending on variant[3][4] Engine M4 and M4A1 model: Continental R975-C1 or -C4 9 cylinder radial gasoline engine, 350 or 400 hp (261 or 298 kW) at 2,400 rpm[3] M4A2 model: General Motors 6046 twin inline diesel engine; 375 hp (280 kW) at 2,100 rpm[3]> M4A3 model: Ford GAA V8 gasoline engine; 450 hp (336 kW) at 2,600 rpm[3] M4A4 model: Chrysler A57 multibank ~(30 cylinder) gasoline engine; 370 hp (276 kW) at 2,400 rpm[3] M4A6 model: Caterpillar D-200A (Wright RD-1820) 9 cylinder radial diesel engine; 450 hp (336 kW) at 2,400 rpm[3] Power/weight 10.46–13.49 hp/short ton (8.60–11.09 kW/t) depending upon variant[3] Transmission Spicer manual synchromesh transmission, 5 forward and 1 reverse gears[5] Suspension Vertical volute spring suspension (VVSS) or horizontal volute spring suspension (HVSS) Fuel capacity 138–175 US gal (520–660 l; 115–146 imp gal) depending upon variant[3] Operational range Road: 100–150 mi (160–240 km) depending upon variant[3] Cross-country: 60–100 mi (97–161 km) depending upon variant[3] Maximum speed 22–30 mph (35–48 km/h) on road, depending upon variant[6][3] vte Tanks of the United States vte M4 Sherman tank The M4 Sherman, officially Medium Tank, M4, was the most widely used medium tank by the United States and Western Allies in World War II. The M4 Sherman proved to be reliable, relatively cheap to produce, and available in great numbers. It was also the basis of several other armored fighting vehicles including self-propelled artillery, tank destroyers, and armored recovery vehicles. Tens of thousands were distributed through the Lend-Lease program to the British Commonwealth and Soviet Union. The tank was named by the British after the American Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman.[7] The M4 Sherman evolved from the M3 Medium Tank,[a] which – for speed of development – had its main armament in a side sponson mount. The M4 retained much of the previous mechanical design, but moved the main 75 mm gun into a fully traversing central turret. One feature, a one-axis gyrostabilizer, was not precise enough to allow firing when moving but did help keep the gun aimed in roughly the right direction for when the tank stopped to fire.[8] The designers stressed reliability, ease of production and maintenance, durability, standardization of parts and ammunition in a limited number of variants, and moderate size and weight (to facilitate shipping and for compatibility with existing bridging equipment size and weight limit restrictions.[9]). These factors, combined with Sherman's then-superior armor and armament, outclassed German light and medium tanks fielded in 1939–42. The M4 was the most-produced tank in American history, with 49,324 produced (including variants);[b] During World War II, the Sherman spearheaded many offensives by the Allies after 1942. When the M4 tank went into combat in North Africa with the British Army at the Second Battle of El Alamein in late 1942, it increased the advantage of Allied armor over Axis armor and was superior to the lighter German[11] and Italian tank designs. For this reason, the US Army believed that the M4 would be adequate to win the war, and relatively little pressure was initially exerted for further tank development. Logistical and transport restrictions, such as limitations imposed by roads, ports, and bridges, also complicated the introduction of a more capable but heavier tank.[12][c] Tank destroyer battalions using vehicles built on the M4 hull and chassis, but with open-topped turrets and more potent high-velocity guns, also entered widespread use in the Allied armies. Even by 1944, most M4 Shermans kept their dual-purpose 75 mm gun.[13] By then, the M4 was inferior in firepower and armor to increasing numbers of German upgraded medium tanks and heavy tanks but was able to fight on with the help of considerable numerical superiority, greater mechanical reliability, better logistical support, and support from growing numbers of fighter-bombers and artillery pieces.[14] Later in the war a more effective armor-piercing gun, the 76 mm gun M1, was incorporated into production vehicles. For anti-tank work, British refitted Shermans with a 76.2 mm Ordnance QF 17-pounder gun (as the Sherman Firefly). Some were fitted with a 105 mm gun to act as infantry support vehicles. The relative ease of production allowed large numbers of the M4 to be manufactured, and significant investment in tank recovery and repair units allowed disabled vehicles to be repaired and returned to service quickly. These factors combined to give the Allies numerical superiority in most battles, and many infantry divisions were provided with M4s and tank destroyers. By 1944, a typical U.S. infantry division had attached for armor support an M4 Sherman battalion, a tank destroyer battalion, or both.[15]
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American Machinist Magazine, Oct 29 1942
    Tank Engines made on Vintage-Old-Antique Converted Equipment
    Using-special Fixtures Airplane-Engine Equipment-Machine-Shop-Machines.

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Tank Engines (M4 Sherman) Made on Converted Equipment

BY THOMAS F. ROGAN Vice-President in charge of Aircraft Engine Production, Continental Motors Corporation


Armament----SECTION OF AMERICAN MACHINIST Converted Equipment During intermediate expansion stages, a hand - indexed fixture applied to a Lucas mill gave satisfactory pro-duction when boring the valve tappet holes in the crankcase also Conveyors Save Space in Aircraft Plant

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Tank Engines Made on Converted Equipment BY THOMAS F. ROGAN Vice-President in charge of Aircraft Engine Production, Continental Motors Corporation ARAMENT SECTION OF AMERICAN MACHINIST on Converted Equipment During intermediate expansion stages, a hand - indexed fixture applied to a Lucas mill gave satisfactory production when boring the valve tappet holes in the crankcase also.... Conveyors Save Space in Aircraft Plant Tank Engines Made on Converted Equipment

BY THOMAS F. ROGAN Vice-President in charge of Aircraft Engine Production, Continental Motors Corporation TWO YEARS AGO the Continental Motors Corporation signed its first production contract for aircraft engines adapted to installation in tanks. The corporation's first experience in the manufacture of tank engines was gained in working on educational orders in 1936-38 to adapt its seven-cylinder aircraft engine to tank drive. In 1940 Continental achieved a 20-fold expansion of tank-engine production—entirely at its own expense. Existing equipment was used at the start of the program, yet during the first year the company pur-chased $750,000 worth of new equipment to boost output. Besides this accomplishment, Continental has financed a further expansion. Beyond this stage, all further expansion programs have been govern-ment financed. A few months ago the company announced that it would voluntarily reduce the cost of engines on contracts then outstanding, with the result that the government will save $40,000,000. As production grew in the consolidated plant, more and more existing machinery was taken from cornmercial enterprises. Volume by early 1941 did not justify complete production lines for many parts. Operations were performed on lathes, turret lathes, conventional millers, drill presses and ingenious adaptations of old horizontal mills. There were few automatics. Gradually straight-line production was evolved, and the entire plant is now being placed upon that basis. The first parts to be put on a line basis were the crankcase, accessory case, cylinder head, barrel, piston, link rod, master rod and crankshaft. Pro-duction lines were later set up for cams, cam assemblies, pump bodies and oil pumps. Yet in many of these lines, machines still are used to perform several operations by exchanging simple fixtures. For all of the successive expansion programs it was necessary to consider installed equipment when purchasing additional units. In some cases, service and repair considerations dictated the purchase of like units. In others, it was possible to install high-production and even special-purpose machinery, pro- pg 1236 Prior to installation of a multi-spindle Natco, this elderly American radial drill served to drill and ream the bolt holes and mounting-lug holes one at a time in the rear crankcase section. A trunnion - type fixture embodied work-locating points and drill bushings AMERICAN MACHINIST

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decided that displaced machinery could be put to work elsewhere. Very few old machine tools have been discarded. If dropped from one operation, the machine is listed in the Surplus Machine Record, to which constant reference is made by process engineers. No new machines are ordered by guess or to anticipate problematical large increases in schedule. The rule followed is that the time per piece and the pro-duction per day of the new unit must be studied before specification. As the result of these practices, the score as of a recent date was : 740 old machines in operation ; 60 new machines installed or on order. Several Bullard vertical turret lathes are permanently tooled for the first three operations on the crankcase rear section. Only two of these ma-chines were purchased for the line, the remainder were available orginally for the engine project or taken from the automotive parts division. Operations performed on these machines are : (1) ma-chine the front contact face, (2) face and bore the accessory contact face, the bearing hole and the front oil groove, and (3) face inside of the web for crank-shaft clearance. The sharp increase in production quota recently demanded brought about an interesting change in method for drilling and reaming the bolt and mounting-lug holes in the rear crankcase section. Formerly

Bronzebushing. Hardened bushing of D-Locating pin, C.R.S. Cutter L__ Sleve, CR. 'A-Shoulder , B-Bushing assembly, C.R.S.'

- Washer Locknut Sight oiler --Thrust bearing --Bearing adapter,- CRS. - Spindle extension, C.R.S. - -- Pin, CR.S. --- Key, C.R.S. --- Post, CR.S.

A veteran from the Rock Island Arsenal, this Baker drill was fitted with a heavy fixture with ample locating and tool-guiding means for boring, facing and chamfering the cylinder contacts in the crankcase assembly

Location of the crankcase assembly in the fixture for machining the cylinder contacts is attained with the shoulder A and sleeve B engaging the bores, the rest pins C bearing against the finished face of the rear section, and a locating pin D that enters reamed locating holes in the rear section as the assembly is indexed

OCTOBER 29, 1942 1237

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By exchanging cutters and working to dial-indicator and plug gages, the three main bores in the crankcase assembly are line bored upon an oId Rockford horizontal machine. Rough and finish cuts were being taken in this set-up

Some of the few Potter & Johnstons on hand prior to the engine contract were tooled up for machining the combustion chamber, and turning and facing the locating pilot on the cylinder head

To mill the exhaust flange, which lies be-hind the valve cover box, two old Leland-Gifford profilers turned out thousands of cylinder heads prior to installation of a Cincinnati automatic machine to boost schedules OCTOBER 29, 1942 1238

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it was necessary to drill both the rear and front crankcase sections twice so that the holes would match and permit assembly with a locating pin. The old method consisted of first drilling a locating hole under an upright drill and then transferring the part to a trunnion fixture at a radial drill. Here the bolt and mounting-lug holes were drilled and reamed one at a time. The new processing layout calls for two Natco multiple-spindle machines that will re-spectively drill and ream all bolt holes and mount-ing-lug holes in both the front and rear crankcase sections. There will be no need for a second drilling operation to insure that holes in the two parts match. The radial drill displaced by this move will be shifted to another point in the crankcase line.

Old Machines Do Precision Work Precision operations
upon the assembled crankcase provide apt examples of how over-age machine tools can be applied to production of munitions in limited quantities, and how such equipment can still serve for roughing operations when schedules are expanded. The secret lies in building precision into the fixture. The more important operations upon the assem-bly were performed in this order prior to the expan-sion toward high-production levels : Rough face and bore the cylinder contacts one at a time in a Baker upright drill dating from 1906 at least. An exceptionally heavy fixture, incorporating close-limit gaging means and a journal for the boring bar, was designed. The assembly is slid over a post that engages the bore in the front-crankcase section, and a nut is screwed down so that the finished face of the rear crankcase section bears against rest pins in the rear section of the fixture. For angular loca-tion of the assembly, to bring a cylinder contact under the multiple-cutter boring and facing tool, a gaging pin is inserted through the locating holes previously finish reamed on an American radial drill. Next, the three crankshaft-bearing holes were line bored in rough and finish stages on a Rockford hozi-zontal boring machine. In this case also, the fixture is made exceptionally heavy and is provided with a journal to guide the boring bar. Finish boring, fac-ing and chamfering of the cylinder contacts on another Baker upright completed the precision opera-tions upon the part. When schedules were expanded, equipment was shifted around in this manner : The Baker machine used formerly for finishing the cylinder contact face has been moved up to the roughing operation. Rough line boring is continued on Rockfords. Finish line boring is now handled on a Heald Bore-Matic, and the same kind of precision boring machine is used to finish bore, face and cham-fer the cylinder contact. OCTOBER 29, 1942

In succeeding operations, the expansion of output has absorbed surplus upright drilling machines. Some of these units do as many as four operations—spot facing the tappet bosses is an example—by exchang-ing fixtures. Cylinder-head processing methods have been revised a number of times to keep pace with expanding requirements. After chamfering the valve-insert holes in the casting on a drill press, the cylinder head moves to a battery of old turret lathes for boring and reaming two locating holes and turning three fins. When low production was the rule, the combustion chamber was machined and a locating pilot faced on Potter & Johnstons. Quota increases re-quired installation of Bullard Mult-Au-Matics to carry much of the production load, and some of the turret lathes were shifted to the master-rod line. Profile milling of the intake flange was originally done by two old Leland-Gifford hand profilers. To boost production on this operation an automatic Cincinnati profile milling machine has been ordered. After milling the exhaust flange, the cylinder head progressed to a battery of upright drill presses for drilling, reaming and counterboring the spark-plug holes. One of the special-purpose machines added in the latest expansion program is a Rehnberg-Jacobson multi-station machine that will eliminate four single-spindle drill presses and a hand tapping operation.

Substitution of an indexing fixture for the turret permitted this old turret lathe to machine the valve holes and the valve-insert holes in the cylinder head. Holes are drilled, reamed and spot faced by tool bars driven by the headstock collet and guided by bushings adjacent to the workpiece. To counterbore and chamfer, tool bars pass through the work to the collet OCTOBER 29, 1942 1240

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Since the Fay automatic used for turning the pilot end and the fin section of the cylinder barrel was not equipped to traverse the rear tool arm, plunge-cut tools were worked out for roughing a 53/4-in. wide cut

-Rear 7Loo/ block 0.656"-frive plunge sMck spinolle

-Tools for finish Turning and chamfering. p1707' fool block

Intake-port holes will still be bored on a Cincin-nati 20-in. drill press. Rocker-box cover seats are milled on a Cincinnati No. 3 equipped with a special head having the two spindles located at the proper angles. Valve guide and insert holes in the cylinder head have been machined on old turret lathes, the fixture taking the place of the turret. Tool holders are gripped in the air-operated collet of the machine and the fixture fed to depth by engaging the saddle feed.

I 2 4 0 Roughing of the cylinder barrel pilot and fin section is done by the rear plunge-cut tools. Finish turning and chamfering the pilot are handled by the front tool block, which can be traversed Pilots in the fixture provide proper alignment for the toolholders. The method is slow because four tools must he exchanged to handle faces on the exterior and interior of the casting, the latter requiring a back-facing type of tool. Hence, the plant is installing a special Rehnberg-Jacobson multiple-head machine to machine the two valve guide holes and the two insert holes in one cycle, displacing nine turret lathes for possible use elsewhere. Single-spindle drills have been used to drill and ream the rocker-arm shaft holes in the cylinder head. To increase production a series of Leland-Gifford heads will be mounted on a suitable base and operated in sequence manually. Only one fixture will be needed. Moreover, the operations of drilling, ream-ing and spot facing the push-rod housing hole (for-merly done separately) will be added to the projected multi-head set-up. Trouble was experienced in equalizing the stud holes in the pads for the rocker-box covers when drill-ing in low-production setups under single-spindle equipment. To overcome this difficulty and increase production, two multi-spindle drillheads will be mounted on a base provided with a fixture that will

AMERICAN MACHINIST

OCTOBER 29, 1942 pg-241

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By engaging the carriage feed, the toolbar gripped by the head-stock collet is caused to perform one of the operations required to machine the piston wristpin hole For machining the wristpin hole in the piston, toolbars are passed -through guide bushings in the fix-ture, which replaces the turret on an old Acme turret lathe /(n`ob-Quick-acting chuck Boring bar, i SAE 2320-, .1 Bronze bushingH; Liner-- Collet---, ' AdapLer.,/ Dowel' / 4 AIM r--Locating- block r-Pilot -Too/bit .Liner /Bronze bushing j permit sighting the rocker-box cover pads when lo-cating the piece. About six single-spindle drilling machines are to be replaced by a three-way Natco drilling machine that will drill the exhaust flange holes, the intake flange holes and a conduit hole. No change is con-templated in the method of producing the thread for the cylinder barrel. A line of Hall Planetary thread millers will be augmented to cope with production now demanded. OCTOBER 29, 1942 Cylinder barrels are purchased in the rough-turned and heat-treated condition. Machining lines on this engine component have gone through three expan-sion programs, tending progressively toward high-production equipment on bottleneck operations. The first expansion program required a turret lathe or engine lathe here and there, usually from plant stocks. A few automatics were added to cope with the sec-ond boost in quota. Since the third expansion was of major importance, more automatics were added 1241 1241 OCTOBER 29, 1942 pg 1242

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to the line and special-purpose drills displaced single-spindle equipment. Turret lathes were used originally for rough bor-ing, turning the outside diameter at the flange end, facing the flange and turning a pilot on the cylinder barrel. To cope with the sharp increase ordered in production of barrels for engine output and service requirements, a number of Bullard Mult-Au-Matics have been installed. Application of Kennametal or Vascoloy Ramet carbide tools to turning the balance of the cylinder barrel outside diameter has so increased production that the subsequent operation—finning—became a bottleneck. Output on the turning operation was increased from one barrel in 11 min. with high-speed steel tools to one barrel in 21 min. with Kennametal carbide tools. Since the back arm on the machines was not caromed to traverse across the wide section in which fins are cut, a shaving tool was worked out to handle the 5* in. total width in a plunge cut, using 0.011 in. feed. Finning is done in the conventional manner on Fay automatics. The cylinder barrel is not hardened, as is the case with high-output types of aircraft engines. This circumstance permits utilization of

Hanson-Whitney thread millers that the plant had on hand. To bolster the production line, thread grinders were specified to avoid trouble with deliveries of thread milling tools. Many thousands of dollars worth of tools are saved each month by extensive salvaging operations. When finning tools are worji down too short for further use, two of them are held end to end in close align-ment in a simple box fixture and torch welded together. Continental made good use of converted turret lathes to machine aluminum pistons. For operations on the wristpin hole, a fixture was substituted for the turret, and toolbars were driven in succession by the headstock collet after pushing them through the workpiece and guide bushings in the fixture. Rough boring was done with a four-flute tool ; semi-finish and finish boring with single-point carbide tools. Fol-lowing these operations the hole was line reamed. Piston turning and facing operations were placed on old equipment. Production averaged 20 pieces per grind with high-speed tools. Substitution of Ramet carbide tools boosted tool life to 6,000 pieces per grind, and greater production was achieved through speeding up the machines. An old Warner & Swasey No. 4 turret lathe was tooled up for finishing the bore and re-/. lated surfaces in the rocker 11 arm, a part required in con-siderable quantities 1242 Radius grinding of such parts as valve push rods has been put on a production basis by equipping old Landis grind-ers with a swiveling power-operated workhead incorpo-rating a collet chuck AMERICAN MACHINIST OCTOBER 29, 1942 pg 1242

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Each seven-cylinder radial engine requires fourteen rockers arms. Even with low-quantity production a line was established because of the quantities of rocker arms involved. First operation consists of drilling out the main hole to remove stock, after which the part is transferred to a turret lathe. Operation sequence on the old Warner & Swasey No. 4 turret lathe consisted of : bore to 1-17-6- in., counterbore 11 in., undercut, finish front and rear faces, chamfer and finish bore to 1.643 in. This operation is being shifted to a New Britain-Gridley which will have a production rate five to six times as great, although the turret lathes will be retained to bolster the production load and handle service parts. Third operation on the part consists of straddle milling the end and milling a slot for the roller ; machines for this work will not be changed. A number of high-production parts require ball ends. For example the radius on each end of the valve push rod must be held to 0.00 in. and a good finish to achieve an oil seal. Continental found the answer to such radius-grinding operations in the fitting up of old Landis grinders with a home-made swiveling work-head. The operator merely shoves the part into the collet chuck, which is hand operated through a linkage. A motor drive powers the headstock, which is oscillated by hand.

A link-operated collet chuck in the Continental designed workhead for radius grinding of small parts permits rapid loading to a definite stop (say Pushrods) OCTOBER 29, 1942 pg-1243

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Each seven-cylinder radial engine requires fourteen rockers arms. Even with low-quantity production a line was established because of the quantities of rocker arms involved. First operation consists of drilling out the main hole to remove stock, after which the part is transferred to a turret lathe. Operation sequence on the old Warner & Swasey No. 4 turret lathe consisted of : bore to 1-17-6- in., counterbore 11 in., undercut, finish front and rear faces, chamfer and finish bore to 1.643 in. This operation is being shifted to a New Britain-Gridley which will have a production rate five to six times as great, although the turret lathes will be retained to bolster the production load and handle service parts. Third operation on the part consists of straddle milling the end and milling a slot for the roller ; machines for this work will not be changed. A number of high-production parts require ball ends. For example the radius on each end of the valve push rod must be held to 0.00 in. and a good finish to achieve an oil seal. Continental found the answer to such radius-grinding operations in the fitting up of old Landis grinders with a home-made swiveling work-head. The operator merely shoves the part into the collet chuck, which is hand operated through a linkage. A motor drive powers the headstock, which is oscillated by hand.

A link-operated collet chuck in the Continental designed workhead for radius grinding of small parts permits rapid loading to a definite stop (say Pushrods) OCTOBER 29, 1942 pg-1244

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12th pic down page 1214 Women to work 1942.
ESTABLISHED 1877 AMERICAN MACHINIST BURNHAM FINNEY,
Editor A woman is instructed in the proper method of filing. Women frequently ask for suggestions as to how they can do their work better
>How We Put Women to Work BY WENDELL E. WHIPP, PRESIDENT, THE MONARCH MACHINE TOOL COMPANY
A plant which plans to employ women for machine operation and assembly must make plans carefully before hiring begins THE MACHINE-TOOL industry has in normal times used very few women employees on machine production. In most plants the work has been consid-ered more suitable to the physiques of men, and only recently has thought been given to employing women operators. At Monarch we put off the actual employing of women just as long as we could—we didnt bring ourselves to do it until there were virtually no more OCTOBER 29, 1942 employable men available. But for many months we thought about it and gathered as much information as we could so that as the time came nearer bringing women into the plant did not seem quite the revolutionary step it had always been considered. Last March we went to three-shift, seven-day operations and with that step we realized that we had reached the practical limit of available man-power in our area. Among those women making appli-cation for employment was one in par-ticular who showed unusual promise. She was a mature woman, with a back-ground embracing considerable busi-ness and legal experience ; and it occurred to us that we might well take her on, and use her as a laboratory experiment with the idea that she might act in the capacity of "Supervisor of Women" in case we later employed a large number of women in our plant. The woman we thought eventually might be the Supervisor of Women in our shop went from department to department, trying out the jobs on a wide variety of machines, to find out whether a woman could perform them. She was successful with almost all of them. As a result of her personal experimentation on these different operations, we were convinced that in our plant women could successfully under-take almost any of the jobs which had been performed by men. After the first of August women were added as rapidly as they could be absorbed. Today, out of the total
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antiquemachinery.com/images-American-Machinist-Oct-29-1942/pg-1244-Armament-Tank-Engines-Airplane-made-on-Coverted-Vintage-old-Antique-Equipment-7-cylinder-radial-Turret-lathe-new-heavy-radius-Grinder-cam-actuated-Fixture-Machine-Shop-Machines.jpeg  

old machines



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   13th pic down page 208 Women to work 1942.

Below. Women have proved themselves able to handle all types of machine operations; the only differentiation so far has been made on a basis of physical effort 

Left. Women excel in work requiring manual dexterity and speed. Be-low. About half of the women who have been employed at Monarch are on assembly work 
factory force of 2,600, 300 are women. On the first shift, which is the day shift, there are 95 women in the ma-chine division. On the second shift there are 102 and on the third shift there are 103. These women are about equally divided between machine op-eration and assembly. Generally speaking, the women in the older age brackets are assigned to the assembly division, and the younger women are used in the machine divi-sion because of their capacity to learn the operations rapidly and their dex-terity in handling machines. Women are used to operate all types of ma-chines with the exception of planers, heavy turret chucking lathes, and other heavy work. They have proved themselves well able to handle all types of machining operations, and our only differentiation between men and women thus far has been entirely on the basis of degree of physical effort. Women have shown themselves just as capable of learning how to operate machines as have the new men. In fact, with respect to some types of opera-tions, they have shown themselves su-perior to men. They do particularly well in work requiring consistent care and alertness—in jobs where it is neces-sary to work to close tolerances, involv-ing the use of gages, micrometers, and 


I 2 I 4 
other checking equipment—but calling for little physical exertion. Women also excel in work requiring manual dexterity and speed in repeti-tive movements. This is especially true in work which permits the operator to set her own tempo, and where she can work in a sitting position. At the same time we are not sure that whether a woman sits down or stands up at the job makes any great differ-ence. We have found that most of the women prefer to stand up at a job at which they might just as well sit on a stool. 
Realize Their Importance These women realize that in work-ing in our plant they are helping to win the war. They are finding that a woman can help in this war just as well as a man, and they are determined to do their job just as well as a man could do it. Our superintendents noticed a woman on an assembly job where it was necessary for her to lift a weight getting close to the 25-lb. limit pre-scribed by Ohio laws. He asked the foreman to change her to a lighter as-sembly job. The woman said : "I'll work any place you put me, but I don't want you to get the idea that this job is too heavy for a woman. I'm no panty waist." 


I cite this instance simply to show that as far as we can see, women are not asking for any discrimination or any special consideration because of their sex. This is one of the reasons why we have adopted the wage policy we have with respect to women. The starting rate for women is five cents less per hour than the starting rate for men, with an automatic five-cent hourly-rate increase at the expiration of a 30-day probationary period. Women employ-ees who have been through the six-weeks training course in the vocational department of our local schools start at the same wage as men, as do women going through our own vestibule train-ing school. In short, while it is necessary for psychological reasons, under some cir-cumstances, to start women at a rate slightly lower than that under which men are started, we are operating on the principle that women are entitled to equal pay with men for equal work done ; and this, we are convinced, is the only fair basis of compensation. New girls are usually put to work in pairs, side by side in the same depart-ment. The supervisor of women intro-duces the girls to the foreman of the department, and paves the way for their acceptance in that department. The girls feel that they can talk to 
AMERICAN MACHINIST 

 


pg.1214  

Below. Women have proved themselves able to handle all types of machine operations; the only differentiation so far has been made on a basis of physical effort -:<•••• •

old machines

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  bla bla blas bla14th pic down page 208 Women to work 1942 pg 1215.
Girls take their jobs seriously and ke-o their eyes on their work rather than looking around.
the supervisor of women on any per-sonal matters which have to do with the feminine side of the picture—but they are definitely under the foreman. The question of work costume seems to be one which has bothered many companies who have considered taking women into their employ. This has worked out very naturally, without any difficulty whatever. The girls adopted, more or less as the standard costume, slacks, a sleeveless shirt, bandana hand-kerchief, and the machinist's apron. There were variations in colors and styles, and each girl likes to get her hair done in whatever way she chooses, but on the whole, feminine costume con-forms to a general type which is prac-tical for the sort of work performed. We once wondered what would be the effect on morale if we brought women into the shop. The net result has been to step up the morale of the entire organization. The girls take their jobs seriously. They keep their eyes on their work in-stead of looking around the shop or grumbling about this or that. They fre-quently ask for suggestions as to how they can do their work better, and we get some valuable ideas from them. To save floor space, our lathes are placed very close together with the work boxes at one end. This has meant that the operator had to step from the 
• 
OCTOBER 29, 1942 
normal working position in front of the lathe to the end of the lathe in the course of the loading and unloading operation. After a girl had been operating one of our lathes for several days, she asked the foreman if she could have a little stand on each side of her, so that she could operate the machine without taking a single unnecessary step. Here was an example of a woman applying in the plant exactly the same work-saving principles which she had learned in the kitchen. A man might not think about it--but a woman thinks about saving steps, and the result is increased output. Two Vital Advance Steps If you are going to employ women, don't get up to the dead-line without making preparations. There are two vital advance steps which must be made. The first has to lo with toilets and rest room facilitie Entirely aside from obvious practica ,onsiderations, most states have laws dealing with toi-lets and rest room facilities for women. Plumbing equipment can't be ordered at the last minute. It takes time to get deliveries, so orders must be placed several weeks before you expect to have women start. The other point is that you must have a reasonable, mature ,-4 experi-
enced woman—capable of handling women's problems—on the job ahead of time. She should understand from personal experience the nature of the work to be done and the questions which will arise from the feminine viewpoint. It is necessary therefore to obtain a woman of this type far in advance of the actual employment of large num-bers of women. She should be brought in early—put through a course of train-ing, with respect to the various opera-tions involved—and made to under-stand that she is to function in the ca-pacity of what you might call the "Dean of Women" for your organ-ization. Owing to development and design, the machine tool now does the physical work which formerly was done by the operator. The machine tool has within itself the precision and the power needed to get the job done. All that the operator has to do is to have the in-telligence and the dexterity to operate the machine. It no longer takes muscle to be a machine tool operator. It takes a certain type of craftsmanship, which the younger generation have shown that they possess to a high degree. It seems natural that girls should be able to learn this craftsmanship just as well and as rapidly as boys, and so make good machine operators. 
1 2 1 5 

 

old machines

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1224Old Machines Rebuilt for War Work 

t


 

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C. D. Binding, who heads the rehabilitation work, fingers the table of Milwaukee milling machine 


that of a '10 x 36-in. Norton internal grinding machine, which was built in 1918 and had been in use for the 24 years since then. This machine, except for the frame, was completely rebuilt. The ways, the table, the wheel-head and the wheel-head slide were re-machined and hand scraped ; the spindle bearings were renewed ; and by means of new gearing, bushing, shafts and clutches the machine had its "intestinal fortitude" restored. For replacement of some of the parts, such as pulleys and pump, patterns were made and sent out for the securing of castings. When a double-end Sunstrand centering machine, built in 1929, was received it was completely worn out. In reconditioning it, all the finished surfaces were machined, new spindles and spindle bearings were put in place, the turret was rebored, rebushed, and re-faced, and trued up in line with the spindle. As a result, this machine was in the line of those ready for shipment to one of the plants having an urgent need for it. 


OCTOBER 29, 1942 
 
An American Tool engine lathe, purchased in 1905, came to the shop out of the scrap yard at one of the plants. This 37-year old machine is now back in war production. To bring that about called for various lines of recondition-ing. One was supplying it with a new headstock. Another was metallizing the spindle bearings. Another was cutting teeth in gears, by means of the shop milling machines.

Cooperation from Builders

In the rehabilitation work at the Har-vester machine shop the management of the shop is getting liberal coopera-tion from the machine tool manufac-tures, with their catalogs, advice from their sales engineers, and sometimes with replacement parts. But as is well known in the industry, the machine tool manufacturers often cannot stop to ship out parts for old machines. Not-withstanding their remarkable increases in production, they are pushed to the limit on rush orders for complete new machine tools for war industries. Like other manufacturers converting largely to war production, Harvester often found that either it could not ob-tain needed new machine tools at all or else would have well-nigh hopeless de-lays in obtaining them. From the out-set of the defense production period the company had followed the policy of not selling obsolete or worn-out or adaptable machines except for war pro-duction. Moreover, this company had succeeded in offsetting delays about getting small cutting tools by setting up a centralized tool salvage department at its Milwaukee Works and gathering 

The 16-year old, rusty run-down Norton grinder at the left is ready for a reconditioning such as the 24-year old grinder at the right has just received 
page 1225 

 

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    into that department worn cutting tools from all its plants and providing for their rehabilitation. Furthermore, in getting started on the manufacture of 75-mm. shells at one of its plants, J. E. Harris, now superintendent of another Harvester plant making 20-mm. auto-matic airplane cannon, had found that by adding skilled machinists to the tool-makers in the plant's machine shop old abandoned machines would be rehabili-tated with such success as to advance production advantageously. So when the company took on the manufacture of the T-7 light tank for the Ordnance Department, it pointed out that production could be pushed to advantage, with savings of thousands of hours at the plants and thousands of dollars for the taxpayers, if it set up a centralized machine shop primarily for rehabilitating and adapting old ma-chine tools of most of the kinds re-quired. 


Selecting the Plant

Told to go ahead, the company found a plant where the equipment included fifteen engine lathes, seven planers, two vertical boring mills, two shapers, two radial drills, three milling ma-chines, one internal grinding machine, one external grinding machine, facili-ties for arc welding and acetylene weld-ing, wood pattern making equipment, and 30 bench vises. Another feature of the plant was that the Ostrander-Seymour Company, which had operated it, had a force of 35 skilled bench mechanics, who had been in that company's work on the average for fifteen years and who were available to carry on as a Harvester shop force, or at least as the foundation of such a force. So were their machine foreman and their bench foreman, the latter ha.ving been on the job since 1902. At first only four of these machinists were put on harvester work. Then each week more were transferred to it. By March 15 the Ostrander-Seymour work had been cleaned up, and all were en-gaged on Harvester rehabilitation of machines for war production. Since then the force has been built up to 60, and it is planned to increase it to 150. In the recruiting, one of the seasoned machinists added to the force is a former gunsmith, aged 64, who had retired, but, being in good health, was desirous of doing his bit in war work at his trade, and so applied for a job at this shop. Several others had been in automobile repair shops. Two such had owned their own businesses, but had been closed out by the war limitations. They have advanced rap-idly toward the status of mechanics. Each veteran machinist is given one or 
1226 

A group of machinists are rebuilding several 4-in. Lo-swing lathes. The men in the foreground are using a large straight edge for marking the ways 


    more inexperienced men to help him and be trained by him. Among the latter are white collar men who never before had been in a machine shop. One of these, for example, was for-merly a salesman, not of industrial equipment, but of insurance. He had been attending a machine-shop practice school for a week when he was taken on. His case is cited as an example of 
how an alert man with no previous me-chanical experience can advance in promising fashion in these days when it is necessary to produce quickly not only machine-tools but also machinists and machinists' helpers. No formal classes are held, and of course it is found that some of the veteran machin-ists are more skillful than others in teaching their helpers. 


Industrial Truck Care Pays Dividends  (Not part of this article)
Because of the ruggedness of industrial trucks, maintenance is neglected in many plants according to A. E. Dorod, assistant chief engineer, Baker Indus-trial Truck Division of The Baker-Raulang Company. Trucks are forced, by going from low to high speed with heavy loads ; they are plugged in re-verse to stop ; they are rammed and skidded around corners. To care properly for industrial trucks, good floor conditions should be provided and the trucks should not be overloaded. The truck should be inspected weekly by a competent me-chanic, and lubricated regularly accord-ing to the manufacturer's recommen-dations. A log should be kept covering the inspection findings, lubrications, adjustments, and repairs. In this way any part calling for excessive care can be spotted and the cause corrected be-fore serious damage occurs. It is well to blow the dust off the truck daily before oiling. The battery should be checked at the same time. It is advis-able to make a complete overhaul every six months. 
AMERICAN MACHINIST 
 

/images-American-Machinist-Oct-29-1942/Old-Machines-Rebuilt-for-War-Work-AM-Oct-29-1942-pg-1226e.jpeg     

C. D. Binding, who heads the rehabilitation work, fingers the table of Milwaukee milling machine 
that of a '10 x 36-in. Norton internal grinding machine, which was built in 1918 and had been in use for the 24 years since then. This machine, except for the frame, was completely rebuilt. The ways, the table, the wheel-head and the wheel-head slide were re-machined and hand scraped ; the spin-dle bearings were renewed ; and by means of new gearing, bushing, shafts and clutches the machine had its "intestinal fortitude" restored. For replacement of some of the parts, such as pul-leys and pump, patterns were made and sent out for the securing of castings. When a double-end Sunstrand cen-tering machine, built in 1929, was received it was completely worn out. In reconditioning it, all the finished sur-faces were machined, new spindles and spindle bearings were put in place, the turret was rebored, rebushed, and re-faced, and trued up in line with the spindle. As a result, this machine was in the line of those ready for shipment to one of the plants having an urgent need for it. 


OCTOBER 29, 1942 
a rebuilt 
An American Tool engine lathe, purchased in 1905, came to the shop out of the scrap yard at one of the plants
.

This 37-year old machine is now back in war production. To bring that about called for various lines of recondition-ing. One was supplying it with a new headstock. Another was metallizing the spindle bearings. Another was cutting teeth in gears, by means of the shop milling machines. Cooperation from Builders In the rehabilitation work at the Har-vester machine shop the management of the shop is getting liberal coopera-tion from the machine tool manufactures, with their catalogs, advice from their sales engineers, and sometimes with replacement parts. But as is well known in the industry, the machine tool manufacturers often cannot stop to ship out parts for old machines. Not-withstanding their remarkable increases in production, they are pushed to the limit on rush orders for complete new machine tools for war industries. Like other manufacturers converting largely to war production, Harvester often found that either it could not ob-tain needed new machine tools at all or else would have well-nigh hopeless de-lays in obtaining them. From the out-set of the defense production period the company had followed the policy of not selling obsolete or worn-out or adaptable machines except for war pro-duction. Moreover, this company had succeeded in offsetting delays about getting small cutting tools by setting up a centralized tool salvage department at its Milwaukee Works and gathering

The I 6-year old, rusty run-down Norton grinder at the left is ready for a reconditioning such as the 24-year old grinder at the right has just received    <