13-13-13-13-13-13-***

A JOURNAL FOR MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, FOUNDERS, BOILER MAKERS, PATTERN MAKERS AND BLACKSMITHS,
VOL.' 15, NO. 41. WEEKLY.
NEW YORK, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 13, 1892.

3.00 per Annum, ( SINGLE COPIES 6 CENTS
COPYRIGHT 1892, BY AMERICAN MACHINIST PUBLISHING COMPANY.
Twenty-ton Rope-driven Traveling Crane.
The accompanying cut represents a twenty-ton traveling crane built by Alfred Box & Co. , Philadelphia, Pa. This style of crane has a number of pecu-liarities and radical departures from the older designs usually employed in cranes of this class. In the first place, it will be noticed the head gear is stationary and placed at one end, and in its frame are contained all the friction wheels and mechanism to operate the movements of the crane. This is entirely inclosed in sheet-iron case (not shown in cut), and yet is easily accessible by doors on top; this practically excludes the dirt from the vital parts, while the other journals are pro-vided with well-covered bearings and roller bushings. Power is conveyed to the grooved sheaves by 1f" rope, which is crossed and encircles the wheels about two-thirds of their circumfer-ence, these in turn driving two shafts; keyed on each are three grooved friction wheels. These shafts revolve in opposite directions, and between and slightly below them are three similar grooved friction wheels which
For Sale Everywhere by Newsdealers. ENTERED AT POST OFFICE, NEW YORK, AS SECOND CLASS MATTER.
stop motion to prevent running it beyond its limit. The bridge is designed to give ample strength and allow plenty of room for large trolley wheels, and each. girder is well secured together by diagonal bracing, making the whole structure very rigid and capable of standing severe strains and rapid motion. A dropped platform is provided when desirable, and the hand-wheels are placed below the bridge and geared to the upper screw shaft. The hook has a ball gearing and swivels easily with the heaviest load. All sheaves

Proceedings of the Mechanical Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science — Rochester Meeting.
EXHIBITION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMBINED YARD AND METER STANDARD BAR.
BY WM. A. ROGERS, WATERVILLE, ME.
The bar exhibited is of Jessup steel, one face of which is brought to a true surface with the points of support placed at certain

-SMITH BROS.EHILA.
produce a uniform effect along the bar. The grinding substances used were several grades of washed emery, washed savorine, and finally rouge. The bar is graduated directly from a standard bar, the errors of which are known, so that corrections may be made in marking the new bar. To show the extreme delicacy required in such work, Prof. Rogers stated that a correction had to be applied, to allow for the influence of the heat radiated from the body of the operator on the nearest bar. This correction is de-termined by previous experiments, and is, in a measure, proportional to the time of ex-posure. In graduating the bar exhibited, a slight error was involved in some of the graduations, because before making them the operator had taken exercise which caused him to perspire freely, so that, instead of the bar nearest the body becoming heated, it had been slightly cooled by evaporation, and the corrections were thus thrown in the re-verse direction. A table of corrections ac-companies the bar, giving in eats case the number of parts in one million of the entire length of the bar that the graduations are in error. 776 of the 1,000 mm. divisions have an error not exceeding one twenty-five'

and betAn and slightly below them are three similar grooved friction wheels which
in error. 776 of the 1,000 ram. divisions have an error not exceeding one twenty-five-

are mounted in a sliding frame, operated by screw and hand-wheel ; by this means the center wheel is drawn or forced into either of its companion wheels, thus causing any mo-tion of the crane to be reversed or stopped at the will of the operator, and the whole op-eration is handled by simply turning either of the three hand-wheels to the right or left, thus avoiding a large number of complicated levers. The center frictions are geared to-cross-shafts leading to drum, bridge and racking motions. It will further be seen that the drum is placed above the bridge, per-mitting the trolley to pass under, thus giving it full sweep from end to end of bridge The trolley is also provided with automatic \

ROPE-DRIVEN TRAVELING CRANE.
have roller bushings and work well without oil, which is important in foundry work, where excessive heat and dirt clog and dry up oil. The manufacturers have given spe-cial study to produce cranes that will meet all requirements for this class of work, and we are informed have met with good success in this line.
Young men who have an idea of pursuing a course of study in some one of the excellent schools of mechanical engineering in the country should write for a catalogue. We are led to make this remark from a consider-ation of the amount of knowledge these cata-logues furnish.

distances from the ends. The graduations are marked directly on the finished surface, which is protected from corrosion by means of a thin coating of vaseline. To obtain a true surface the bar was first planed, and then tested with a surface plate. The high portions were either scraped down or re-duced by means of a small lead lap. After this was done, a wax lap, which was first made true by testing with a surface plate, and scraping down the high places, was em-ployed to finish up the, surfaces. On the surface of the wax lap grooves were cut crossing each other, so that the surface is divided into small rhomboids, it having been found that this was necessary in order to
thousandths of an inch. This degree of accuracy has only been attained by suc-cessive approximations. The standard yard was originally compared with the imperial yard of Great Britain, and the meter with the Meter de Archives of Paris. The error of total length of both yard and meter is known to within one, or, at the most, two twenty-five-thousandths of an inch. To determine the error of the subdivision of the scale, the method of slops is em-ployed. This consists in placing two stops so that the sliding table of the dividing en-gine, which carries a microscope containing a cross-bar, travels approximately a certain number of divisions of the scale in being

cones or gears. The saw runs between hardened !steel plates filled with dogwood plugs, with the end grain in contact with the saw, and each plate can be accwately adjusted by a single screw. The back of the saw has a bearing 14- inches long on the beveled edge of a conical roller of a special composition, harder than steel. What little wear does occur takes place across the full width of the beveled surface, and therefore does not form grooves, as would be the case with a plain roller. The upper guide is counterbalanced, and is adjustable vertically by a hand-wheel. This hand-wheel, the lever for controlling the feed, the hand-wheel for setting the feed rolls, and the scale showing to what thick-ness they are set, are all readily accessible from the sawyer's usual working position. The upper wheel has a rim of bent ash with sted spokes, and the lower one is a heavy iron casting. The lower wheel being thus much the heavier, it acts as a by-wheel to pre-vent sudden and violent fluctuations of speed, as in starting and stopping, and thus prevents the overrun-ning of the upper wheel, which, being lighter, is capable of following the motion of the lower one without causing the saw to slip or to become slack on the working side. The rims of both wheels come upon a vertical line, which is considerably with-in the outer ends of the bearings, so that the shafts are well supported with-out the necessity for using outside bearings. T h e upper shaft can be angled while in motior. An adjust( ale spring maintains a proper tension on the saw, and renders it much more secure against breakage than the weights, commonly used for this purpose, as the inertia- of weights prevents them from yielding quickly enough when a chip gets between: the saw and tai,sawdust, rim.

'NEW RE-SAWING MACHINE.
and discharge them beyond ..thetto eauseip belt to shift easily. Height of ma-The lower wheel is kept free from chine, 10 ft. 7 in.; width of machine, 7 ft. 5 accumulations of sawdust by a scraper, and in. ; depth of machine, 6 ft. 5 in. ; weight the upper one by a brush. complete, 7,000 lbs ; diameter of wheels, 60
'the spindle being 2i" diameter, and the bearings 2#" long. The end of the spindle is threaded for face-plates or chucks, and there is a draw-bar which extends through the spindle for holding split chucks which vary in size from A-" to 4-", the rods extend-ing through the spindle, which has a hole through it diameter. The cone has three steps for a 1/.." belt, the smallest step being 3" and the largest 44-" diameter. The flange at the rear end of the cone is drilled and provided with a pin for indexing. The foot-stock spindle is also of steel, hardened and ground, 1" diameter, and with a bearing 5.' long. The lathe swings over the bed 8", and takes between centers 18". The slide rest, which is shown on .page 2, Fig. 4, fits over the sides of the block, on which the T-rest is placed in Fig. 2. It has two circular graduated bases and two slides, the lower one of these being always at right angles to the center line of the lathe, so that a squaring or facing cut can be taken at any time when boring or turn-ing taper without disturb-ing the adjustment of the rest. The various binding arrangements are efficient, operating to hold the parts very securely with very light pressures. The tool holder is an eccentric device by which the tools are readily brought to the center or otherwise adjusted, and it is especially arranged with a view to enabling the tool ,maker ty make his own tools where the services of a blacksmith or tool dresser are not at command, as is often the case where such lathes are used. The lower

RIVETT BENCH LATHE.
The body is a box-shaped casting, in one piece, very strong and rigid, and it can be placed on any good floor without a special fo(lthdation.

inches; driving pulley, 22 to 30 in. d':ameter, as ordered, for an 8-in. belt; spew 450 to 525 turns per minute, accordin- and width of lumber; thielz—
or cross-slide has a move-ment of 4" and the nu, slide 5". At Fig. 5 is shown a block which clamps to the bed in the usual way, thes.,,, upper portion of this block swiveling in a horizontal plane upon a graduated base. The left-haa side of this block as shown jr the engraving is'adapted to receive th(

drillpti

RIVETT BENCH LATHE.
The body is a box-shaped casting, in one piece, very strong and rigid, and it can be placed on any good floor without a special fo(lthdation.

pg-2 AMERICAN MACHINIST Oct-13-1892
moved from one stop to the other. The number of divisions selected must be an exact divisor of the total number into which the scale is divided. The scale is tested by adjusting the cross-hair of the microscope directly over one of the divisions, while the sliding table is against one of the stops, after which the table is moved until the second stop is reached. If the stops are set precisely in the correct position, and the scale is without error, the cross-hair of the microscope would fall directly over the mark on the scale, but, ordinarily, the cross-hair will not fall over the line, and the amount of deviation is measured by a micrometer. Each succeeding portion of the scale is gone over in this way. After the entire scale is gone over, the sum of the micrometer read-ings is taken, and that portion of the error due to setting the stops eliminated by sub-tracting the mean value of the corrections from each. This gives the relative error of each successive subdivision; to obtain the accumulated or total error reckoned from the initial point we sum the series. In the case of the meter scale, the error of the middle graduation was first determined, and the errors for the decimeters worked over until the error for the middle division came the same by the two methods. The discussion of this paper was mainly in regard to the difficulty of obtaining a perfectly true surface. Mr. J. A. Brashear stated that in special cases he had spent several weeks in making a plan surface for optical purposes two inches wSeveral other members pres-ent gave' t views in regard to the proper methods of grinding to a true surface. Prof. Rogers replied that he did not strive to obtain a mathematical true surface in his bars; his test was to move a microscope, used '"oheoglin testing the graduations and having a high magnifying power, along the face of the-bar; if this ritmained in focus, he considered the s accurate enough for his purpose.

-10°18 USE OF LONG STEEL TAPES IN
so that by no means could the operators overstrain the tape. Temperature observa-tions were made in each case, three special thermometers being used w, {`h blackened bulbs, so that the surface had approximately the same radiating power as the tape. It was proved by the comparator that, with ordinarily careful handling, there was no variation in the length of the 100 meter tapes after long use. To test the efficiency of the steel tapes when used in the field,'A kilometer was measured by means of the iced bar, and this kilometer used as a stand-ard. It was found that the probable error of a single measurement of this kilometer by means of the steel tapes was about one part in 500,000, and that the probable error of the average of a number of observations was about one part in 1,500,000. So that the general conclusion arrived at is, that for measuring base lines, steel tapes, as standard-ized by the iced bar comparator, will give ample accuracy. The time required to make duplicate measures of the kilometer with the tapes is about one hour, and in spe-cial cases it was measured in one direction in twenty minutes. The method of measuring the standard kilometer by means of the iced bar apparatus, and probable error of the total length, was given in another section of the society, but as it is of interest in connec-tion with the present paper, the following table is here given, which compares the probable errors involved, with the results ob-tained by previous workers in the same line :

bar; if this litrained in focus, he considered the Su accurate enough for his purpose.
ON " USE OF LONG STEEL TAPES IN MEASURING BASE LINE. REPORT OF U. S. C. AND G. SURVEY.
BY R. S. WOODWARD, WASHINGTON, D. C.
A method of standardizing steel tapes by means of an iced bar comparator was first described, after which numerous experi-ments were presented that showed the error involved in using such tapes in measuring a base line one kilometer long. The iced bar employed in the comparator consists of a bar of steel, on which are lines five meters apart, at a temperature of 32 degrees Fahr. To preserve the bar at this temperature it is surrounded by ice. The whole is mounted on a carriage that travels on a small railway. In measuring off the length of the com-parator, which in most cases was 100 meters, the cross-hairs of two microscopes were first made to coincide with the lines on the bar. The bar was then moved forward, and the mark on the end nearest the starting point placed under one of the set microscopes. A third microscope was then set over the end away from the starting point. The micro scopes were mounted on wooden posts. At the ends of the comparator two stones arc solidly imbedded in the earth. In each of these stones a rounded brass projection is imbedded, to mark the ends of the com-parator. To place the microscopes directly over these end points a special device con-taining a level is used. Having obtained the proper setting of two microscopes that are the length of the comparator apart, the tape is held under them in a way that was found to be the most convenient and reliable in field work. Stakes are set ten meters apart along the line to be measured, and in the side of these round steel wire nails are driven. The tape is supported on these nails. The corrections necessary to apply, if the posts are set at a greater distance, as in crossing a stream, can be easily computed from data furnished by preliminary experi-ments. The tension of the tape was made the same, about 25 pounds in all measure-ments, by means of a spring balance at one of its ends, a breaking piece being inserted,
quarter that of any other method presfiously adopted. The greatest source of error was found to be the difficulty of determining the tempera-ture of the tape correctly. It is generally supposed that a cloudy day is preferable for measuring with steel tapes, but the experi-ments indicated that such was not the case. The best time was found to be in the evening, while dew was being deposited.. Prof. Rogers stated that he agreed with Mr. Woodward that the temperature ele-ment was the greatest source of error in measurements of length. In his opinion the exact results obtained with the tapes was due to the fact that they were of a small mass, and partook readily of the same tem-perature as the air. Prof. S. W. Robinson gave a description of the method employed in measuring a base-line in the ordinary way. A clearing is pre-pared and graded as carefully as a railway bed, and the apparatus employed is very bulky. He also mentioned another methed that he had employed some years ago, of measuring with a steel piano wire having circular pieces fastened on it at the measuring points. Around the circular pieces V-shaped grooves were cut. In using the wire the circular pieces were held against ordinary surveying pins. If the operator happened to pull too hard on the wire while it was be-ing held against the pin, the form of the groove was such that the circular piece would slip by the pin without tending to displace it. This method was recommended only where moderate accuracy is required.

Launch of the Cunard Twin-screw Steamer " Campania."
In regard to the launch of the steamer " Campania," the London Engineer of September 29th says : Yesterday was performed at Fairfield Yard, on the Clyde, a feat the equal of which in its way has not been attempted since the Great Eastern " was put into the Thames at Millwall, thirty-five years ago. The Cunard steamer " Campania "—the first of the two intended Atlantic record breakers —was launched shortly before 2 P. M. into the sewer or unsavory canal upon which has been brought the wealth of the city of Glas-gow. Brunel launched his monster ship sideways because of her great length, and was we forget how many days in completing his task; but the builders of the " Cam-pania " have launched their 600 feet of steel structure stern foremost into a river which, measured in the direction of the launching ways, is only 900 feet across. Mr. R. Saxon White, the manager of Fairfield Yard, is to be congratulated upon the courage, foresight, and skill which he has displayed, and in the success which he has achieved. Looking from the deck of the " Cam-pania," shortly before she was released, it appeared an impossibility to slide 9,000 tons weight of steel structure, measuring 600 feet in length, into so narrow a stream without accident. And yet the feat has been accom-plished. Moreover, nobody at Fairfield seems to have ever experienced a doubt upon the subject, so thoroughly was every detail thought out and planned from the first, and so carefully was every step in the work at-tended to as it progressed. The cradle and ground ways were commenced several weeks ago, and , indeed, were practically completed on the occasion of the recent visit of inspec-tion of Lloyd's Registry Committee to the-

add here

AMERICAN MACHINIST-- Oct-13-1892 pg 3

Clyde. Only a pair of ground ways were used, the breadth of each being, however, sufficient to leave but a fairly moderate weight per square foot of area when the structure was wholly resting upon it. The difficulty to be coped with was, in fact, not so much a minimizing of frictional resistance to the vessel's motion as that of gently and gradually, yet surely, stopping her motion when once she became fairly afloat. Never-theless, the sliding of 9,000 tons into the Clyde was in itself a task of no small magni-tude, and, in view of the fine form of the fore body, great ingenuity and care was necessary in order properly to support her bow extremity in the launching cradle. Of course for a long distance forward the only way to do this was to make full use of the edge laps of the shell plating; and as, in spite of the heavy scantlings of the " Cam-pania," these are necessarily very narrow, the poppets and other vertical supports needed careful fitting and efficient combina-tion. By an ingenious arrangement of wedg-ing, notching, and dovetailing, all this was very effectually accomplished, and there was no more interesting feature in the launching arrangements to the initiated observer than this device of Mr. White's for the purpose we have described. At the after end of the vessel—also very fine and clean—matters were rendered much simpler by reason of the peculiar form of the structure for hous-ing and carrying the twin-screw shafting on each side. The screw shafting in these ves-sels is wholly inclosed within the hull, there-by leaving nothing unsupported, and conse-quently providing against such deflection as contributed to disaster in the " City of Paris." The " wings " thus formed afforded excellent support to the long range of aftermost pop-pets extending to the propellers. The launching ways were greased and " turned in " a week before the date fixed for putting the " Campania " into the water, the interval being fully occupied in replac-ing the previously prepared and fitted parts of the cradle. The river, too, had been care-fully dredged during the same time, so as to form a hole of the requisite length, breadth, and depth for the vessel to float in and be
was no luncheon or speeches. The owners think it will be time to talk about the ship when she has done something of which to boast. Several months of hard work remain to be performed before the " Campania " will be ready for her steam trials. Her engines, boilers, funnels, uptakes, and steam pipes are all ready to drop into their places; and the joiners' work is well advanced. Proba-bly by the beginning of March she will be a completed vessel—a credit to her able build-ers, and, we trust, a source of profit to her enterprising owners. It is to be hoped—and indeed expected—that her speed will be such
New Water Rolling-mill.
The cut shown herewith represents a roll-ing-mill with ater connections, which has been carefully designed for the purpose of rolling flat wire, watch and clock springs, or similar work that comes within the range of the machine. The rolls in this mill are made of the best Krupp cast-steel, and are hard and sound, with the finest lap finish on face. The arbors are made of tool steel, with hole running through to admit of the free circula-tion of water. The water enters one end of the top arbor, circulates through the arbor, and by means of the water connection, shown

SPECIAL MILLING CUTTER.
as to still further materially shorten the time distance between these islands and the United States. The sister vessel " Lucania " is being plated, and appears to be rather more than two months behind the vessel which was. launched yesterday.
A Special Milling Cutter.
We present herewith an illustration of a gang of milling cutters made by the Ingersoll Milling Machine Co. ,of Rockford, Ill. These cutters were made for milling the guides of a Corliss engine, and a block which was milled in testing them was photographed with the cutters, and is shown by the engraving. The radius of the circular portion of the cut
at the left of cut, is conducted to and through the lower arbor, thereby keeping the rolls and arbor journals cool, which insures ac-curate rolling running at high speed. The roll journal boxes are copper and tin. The shafts are made of the best hammered steel, and all gears are accurately cut from the solid stock. The mill, in construction, is very powerful, being geared 30 to 1, which makes it, for rolling flat wire or springs, a desirable machine. The adjusting screws in frames, as shown, are accurately cut, and on these screws there is an adjustable collar, which is graduated to read .001". The weight of the machine is about 2,000 pounds. It is built by Blake & Johnson, Waterbury, Conn.

paper wood than it is to file iron any more than absolutely necessary. When the pattern reaches the foundry there is not usually much danger of impress-ing too strongly upon the mind of the molder what the casting is to be used for, and that it shoull be of good quality iron, very smooth, and free from all imperfections. All precautions mentioned thus far will be amply repaid, for it is a tedious job to file and scrape away on faults which might easily have been :avoidedlin the pattern room or foundry. The next thing is to scrape aL.) d'•,le the casting smooth, and make necessary holes for draw:irons. The word smooth can be taken with a somewhat flexible meaning, according to what the job is, for on small pieces they should be finished up very nice and bright, while on much larger work, if it is brought down to a good surface free from bunches, even if not perfectly bright in every part, it will do, for the substance used for a filling which is afterwards applied will bring out a very even surface. As molding sand will stick to bright iron, the pattern must be coated with some pre-ventive, and perhaps the commonest way of all is to simply heat it and then hold a lump of beeswax in the hand, rub it all over the warm casting, and then wipe off the superfluous wax with a piece of waste or rag. If this method is adopted, it is very much better to first thoroughly rust the pattern be-fore heating. Sometimes the casting to be used as a pat-tern is blued instead of rusted, that is, heated quite hot, enough so that it turns a bluish color, and then afterwards covered with beeswax. Another method of finishing is to wipe them over with "blue water," which is done in this manner. Procure at the druggist's some lumps of blue vitriol and a little nitric acid, and take some of the vitriol, say a couple of ounces, and pound it to a powder, and pour it into a bottle holding about a pint, after which fill with water and about a tea-spoonful or so of the acid, and shake the mixture thoroughly until all is dissolved. This is used a great deal by machinists on

Lau-ing the Meviously prepared and fitted parts of the cradle. The river, too, had been care-fully dredged during the same time, so as to form a hole of the requisite length, breadth, and depth for the vessel to float in and be turned into the fitting-out basin of the com-pany. In this latter spot the wharf has been lengthened by extensive pilings, so as to ac-commodate a vessel of such huge dimensions below the sheer legs used in lifting the boilers and machinery into their places. To check the " Campania," Mr. White employed eight heaps of chain cables—four on each side—the collective weight of the cables being between 500 and 600 tons. These were simply dragged by the vessel over the ground, their weight and frictional resistance affording the only means of stop-ping her when afloat. By using heaps of chain cables in this way, Mr. White availed himself of two forms of resistance. In the first place, when moved by the vessel the component parts of each heap of chains ad-justed themselves until the whole body was in direct tension, and in this manner a gentle buffer-like force was brought to bear upon the checking cables, preparatory to the greater resistance offered by the drag of the whole body of chain upon soft or uneven ground. Two of the cables passed through the hawse pipes on each side, and other two were shackled to two substantial plates riveted on each side of the vessel at locali-ties which were stiffened on the inside by the presence of bulkheads and longitudinal stringer girders. It will thus be seen that in attacking the problem of putting the " Cam-pania " into the Clyde, the Fairfield Com-pany took every precautionary measure which long experience in launching huge steamers could suggest, and the success of the operation confirms the wisdom of all that was done. The ceremony of naming the vessel was performed by Lady Burns, wife of Sir John Burns, Bart., of Wemyss Castle, and the subsequent proceedings were of a wholly informal character. The launch was witnessed by a large body of spectators, the yard gates being thrown open to the public, and platform accommodation being provided at the bow of the vessel for three hundred privileged friends of the company. There
The radius of the circular portion of.the cut
puwuci, and pour it into a bottle holding about a pint, after which fill with water and about a tea-spoonful or so of the acid, and shake the mixture thoroughly until all is dissolved. This is used a great deal by machinists on smooth surfaces where they wish to lay out work with dividers or scratch-all, but it also makes a nice surface for a pattern, which will draw easily from the sand, and if the pattern has been worked down to a bright surface all over it will answer with nothing further being applied, for it instantly deposits a sur-face of copper everywhere the solution comes in contact, provided the work is en-tirely free from grease or oil. This must be remembered, and any grease spot carefully cleaned. This is easily done by wiping over with hot Water or rubbing with chalk. An additional coating of the mixture of black lead, beeswax and turpentine, which a contributor to the AMERICAN MACHINIST described some time since, gives the pattern a smooth, slippery surface, by warming it and applying the preparation and then wiping off the superfluous covering while it is still hot. On work where. not so much labor has been expended in the finishing with file and scraper, and the parts are not quite smooth, I can recommend the following to give a very satisfactory result, although it takes a some-what longer time. First wipe the casting over with the blue solution; this gives a copper surface on all the bright parts, but does not do much good on the rougher portions, so melt some bees-wax and stir in the black lead until it is the consistency of dough, and thin with turpen-tine till of the thickness of paste. Next warm the pattern and give it a good coat all over with the preparation, and put it away until cold. This acts as a filling, and it is then necessary to scrape it carefully off again to obtain an even surface. A putty knife blade held quite flat does very well to remove what is unnecessary, and what is needed remains and hides any rough-ness of the pattern. Lastly, rub it carefully over with very fine sandpaper, taking care not to remove the copper surface at any point. I have found a steam glue heater an ex-cellent place to mix up the preparation and

BY JOHN M. RICHARDSON.
Many an iron casting intended for a pat-tern would stand much higher in the opinion of the man about to finish it if its ancestry was traced back one generation to the master pattern, and this progenitor of a race of num-berless offspring was constructed with a little more care, especially with regard to its lines and curves, taking pains to have them true and not just enough out so that they are ever afterwards an eyesore to a close observer. The draft must be carefully attended to also, for it is vastly easier to plane and sand-
t.J1. Vuul Gam, ULLU I1/U.11U L puwuci, and pour it into a bottle holding about a pint, after which fill with water and about a tea-spoonful or so of the acid, and shake the mixture thoroughly until all is dissolved. This is used a great deal by machinists on smooth surfaces where they wish to lay out work with dividers or scratch-all, but it also makes a nice surface for a pattern, which will draw easily from the sand, and if the pattern has been worked down to a bright surface all over it will answer with nothing further being applied, for it instantly deposits a sur-face of copper everywhere the solution comes in contact, provided the work is en-tirely free from grease or oil. This must be remembered, and any grease spot carefully cleaned. This is easily done by wiping over with hot Water or rubbing with chalk. An additional coating of the mixture of black lead, beeswax and turpentine, which a contributor to the AMERICAN MACHINIST described some time since, gives the pattern a smooth, slippery surface, by warming it and applying the preparation and then wiping off the superfluous covering while it is still hot. On work where. not so much labor has been expended in the finishing with file and scraper, and the parts are not quite smooth, I can recommend the following to give a very satisfactory result, although it takes a some-what longer time. First wipe the casting over with the blue solution; this gives a copper surface on all the bright parts, but does not do much good on the rougher portions, so melt some bees-wax and stir in the black lead until it is the consistency of dough, and thin with turpen-tine till of the thickness of paste. Next warm the pattern and give it a good coat all over with the preparation, and put it away until cold. This acts as a filling, and it is then necessary to scrape it carefully off again to obtain an even surface. A putty knife blade held quite flat does very well to remove what is unnecessary, and what is needed remains and hides any rough-ness of the pattern. Lastly, rub it carefully over with very fine sandpaper, taking care not to remove the copper surface at any point. I have found a steam glue heater an ex-cellent place to mix up the preparation and

4 AMERICAN MACHINIST
keep it hot, and there is no danger of igniting the turpentine, as there would be over a flame. Finally I will mentioP , ol„ process, which, for pati,rns that have been finished to a nice even surface to start with, is superior to others, in my opinion. Bayberry tallow is a vegetable product, found as a film or blush on the outside of bayberries which ripen on low bushes in the autumn, and is separated from them by boil ing, they tallow then rising to the surface. When cold it is much harder than beeswax and somewhat lighter in color, having an aromatic odor and feeling very slippery to the touch. uses are quite varied, and it can usually be f, and in drug stores. To prepare it for use on patterns, melt it, adding enough turpentine so that when cold again it will be about the consistency of butter. The pattern should be first rusted or else covered with the copper solution previously mentioned, and then rubbed over thoroughly with the tallow. This leaves an extremely smooth, shiny surface, and it is clean to handle and has the advantage that it is not necessary to heat the mixture after being once made, in order to apply it, or the pattern either, without one chooses; thus a pattern can be kept in fine condition contin-ually if a molder will provide himself with a can of the preparation, and keep it on his bench and occasionally rub over the pattern with it before going home at night, when the next day it will be found hard and ready for use, as the turpentine will then be evaporated. While I may not have offered anything very original, still I believe that some points will be helpful to many. As these are probably not all the ways nor the only ones in use, I shall not go so far as to claim any one of them to be the absolutely best method which can be devised.
Pouring, Flowing-off and Feeding Cast-ings—II.

BY S. BOLLAND.
dle of the swiftly rotating mass, and just how this may be accomplished is shown at Fig. 18; where a number of castings, directly con-- —,;ted with a central ball, may be fed with comparatively pure iron, with no possibility of dirt other than may be gathered within

Eig .23. A B pipes or‘columns at the flanges, the gates A A being intended when it is desired to run down through the cope, and the one at B to be used when it is thought that the former plan would be too hard on the mold at that point.

Ely. 19. far metal will reach in such wor method of running long columns one end co, ,...icts with the first prince filling molds with iron of equal temp ture, it is very evident that all long castings should be filled from both ends. The wis-dom of the above always strikes us the more forcibly when we see any viola-tion of these principles result in a cracked casting. Keep all risers away from brackets ; for should there be but a very slight commotion in the mold the bracket is sure to suffer if the disturbance finds a vent at that point. When the flask will admit of running round columns at the end it is by all means the best plan to adopt, and the best kind of runner for this purpose is shown at Fig. 22, where main runners A A are seen to connect with a circular runner B, cut round the bearing and entering the casting at one or more gates ample to run the column safely. Round columns will run 18 feet inch thick from one end, providing all other things are favorable ; but the remarks on square columns apply with equal force to round ones, and risks should not be taken. Sometimes it is found advisable to change the location of the runner ; if this must be done, choose some flange or collar into which the gates can be directed either on the side, as seen at C, or dropped down at D. Fig. 23 shows how to run a large wheel through the hub core. The cen-ter dry sand core, with a hole large enough to fill the mold at a proper rate, rests on another dry sand core in which the requisite gates have been prepared. To save making the bottom core, holes for gates may be made at A, indicated by broken lines, but this plan is some-what risky, if the noses against which the iron beats are not made in dry sand, as seen at B. It is plain that a wheel filled after this manner is preferable to any other, as it makes what is otherwise a critical job a

Fig. 18.
AinAmerican Machinist _Fig. 21.

Pouring, Flowing-off and Feeding Castings—II.
rt

BY S. BOLLAND.
Fig. 16 (September 29) illustrates a system of dams set before the castings when it is de-sired to produce clean work from a spray. When best results are looked for, all such gates should be connected with the patterns on a match board, so as to insure a good hard surface for the molten iron to pass over. Gates cut with tools are, as before stated, un-trustworthy, on account of the soft, broken surface yielding to the extreme heat to which they are subjected, and thus forming slag that invariably finds its way into the casting. - The form of the leader, in this instance, is a noteworthy feature; the iron entering at A travels rapidly along the smooth, round sur-face of the leader, passing the gates and out at C, carrying a large proportion of the dirt along with it; whatever portion remains is held on the upper surface of the leader whilst the casting is being fed from the bottom. The dams D, as seen, are formed with cores, and make "assurance doubly sure" by check-ing any inflow of dirt, should the pouring from any cause be lacking in force. There is no other casting that has helped the science of running as much as the gover-nor ball. During the early part of my ap-prenticeship this job was held back for some particular man who alone could be trusted with such an important job, and not unfre-quently have I known the best men to fail time after time to produce a casting that was clean all over when turned. The manner of running a ball which must be turned bright is shown at Fig. 17, where it is seen that the metal passes down A into the ball at B; the direction given the metal by this form of ingate causes the metal to re-volve rapidly in the mold, and this causes the lighter substances which gather on the sur-face to collect towards the center, as indicated by the arrows in the plan, to be ultimately ejected at the riser C. The principle involved to keep the ball clean must naturally suggest the propriety of filling other molds from such a ball whilst the dirt is being held a prisoner in the mid-

Fig. vo. _Fig. 22.
_Fig. 25.
Pig. 26 Fig. 28. POURING, FLOWING-OFF AND FEEDING CASTINGS.
their own limits. Unless in large castings, there need be no riser on the ball when it is used for running purposes. Fig. 19 shows how the principle may be made general and used for almost any class of work. Fig. 20 illustrates two methods of running
The regulation method of running square columns is shown at Fig. 21. All such col-umns will run from one end, under ordinary head pressure, 17 feet at one inch thick if the iron is in good condition ; beyond this it is unwise to go, especially if the column should be less than one inch. I speak now of how
The ball shown at Fig. 25 is supposed to be 12 inches in diameter, and sup-pose that such a ball was cast (without riser) with hot iron, and left to cool in the same position it was cast; it is cer-tain that the upper surface would have fallen in, in proportion to the amount of shrinkage which would have taken place before the crust was firm enough to sustain itself; the amount of shrinkage would, of course, be according to the nature of the iron it was cast with. Now if this ball, when cold, was split in two, it would be found that the upper hemisphere would show a sponginess similar to that seen in the sectional illustration at Fig. 26. The figure
by broken lines, but this plan is some-what risky, if the noses against which the iron beats are not made in dry sand, as seen at B. It is plain that a wheel filled after this manner is preferable to any other, as it makes what is otherwise a critical job a very safe one, and insures a good cast-ing every time, at least so far as the running is concerned. Fig. 24 is a plan and elevation of a spiral drum, or at least as much of it as will serve the purpose of showing how to arrange for a system of bottom gates when such gates must be made in the pit around a brick mold. Where the pits are damp it is absolutely necessary to have the gates protected from the moisture. The method shown needs no explana-B tion other than can be discovered by a careful examination of the figure. A A are the gates prepared in the mold, against which are set cores B B, these again being surmounted by other cores, as seen, until the top is reached. If the mold is unusually long, and there is danger of the metal becoming too sluggish to fill the upper parts of the mold correctly, then apply the gates on the top, after the manner as fully ex-plained in " The Iron Founder," page 163. The utility of feeding castings is questioned by some, but a little reflec-tion will, I am sure, lead all who deny its efficacy to see the erroneousness of their conclusions.

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((add 10-4(((((((((((((((((

Pg 5 AMERICAN MACHINIST 1892-Dec 1,

quoted is a good illustration of the point un-der consideration, being a sectional represen-tation of a piece of roll cast, from inferior iron; the internal shrinkage, unsupported by any system of feeding, causing the spongi-ness at the heart and very evident fracture at the neck. Mortars such as shown at Fig. 27 were formerly cast solid, with a shrink head from A up. The head was afterwards turned off and the casting bored out to the broken lines. And yet, with the head cast on, as shown, it was never deemed advisable to risk a cast without keeping the heart free from scum, so that a constant supply of hot iron could be introduced to fill up the space which gradually forms as the shrinkage takes place. Now in the ball shown at Fig. 25 we en-deavor to reach the heart of the casting through the riser A, which is made no larg-er than will just serve the purpose of feed-ing the ball. (In the former instance no riser was supposed to be on.) If the mold now under consideration was left to take its ow n course after being cast, the natural feeding would occur as long as the iron in the neck of the riser remained fluid; but, as shown by the shaded lines, by the time the neck was solid there would still remain a considerable area of iron in a molten condition, and it is at this juncture that the rod B gets in its fine work by simply keeping open a com-munication between the upper and lower bodies by a constant supply of hot iron from the cupola. This is not, as sonic seem to think, a sort of pumping or forcing of the iron below; the motion of the rod exercises no influence whatever, only to preserve a free channel through which the hot iron can pass into the shrinking mass below. Excellent results may be obtained by pressure feeding sometimes, as illustrated at Fig. 28, which figure is intended to show how to feed the solid rim of a gear blank by "freezing" the runner A, immediately the mold is full, and afterwards pouring hot iron alternately down risers B and 6', so reg-ulating the operation that the body of metal below at D may be kept in motion as long as it remains in a fluid state.
AMERICAN MACHINIST 5
Gribben, and, while otherwise quoting his own language in the explanation, I have taken the liberty to supply these. Mr. Gribben writes : " The constructive problems that have ap-peared from time to time in the AMERICAN MACHINIST have interested me greatly, and I thought I would try and devise a solution for the one propounded in the issue of July 28th. " After some preliminary drawing, I as-sembled the thing as a whole, Fig. 1, but if I were drawing it again I would either make it revel ve in the opposite direction, or else
you to determine whether or not they fall wit in the prescribed limits." [The num-ber of mechanical elements are well we the number named. L. A.] " Figs. 1 and 2 are full size. The others are half size. " The apparatus consists of a vertical shaft A, carrying a driving pulley B, a gear C of seventy-two teeth, and a releasing cam D, shown developed in Fig 8. The seventy-two gear B drives another, E, of sixty teeth, fast on the shaft of the lifting cam F, shown developed in Fig. 5, in plan in Fig. 6 and in elevation in Fig. '7. This cam and shaft I

glers b b' , the roller b playing in a slot in a bracket c attached to the column I, vlinder G to rise and fall, but preventing it from turning. The roller b' travels in a groove of the lifting cam D. " The stop cylinder, besides five equally-spaced slots, d d1 d3, etc., 1),as a plain groove e turned in its inner face near the bottom, in which travels one arm of the bell crank f, pivoted to the bottom of the lifting cam (bearings not shown). It might I e well to provide the short arm of the bell cranK with a roller, but it will hardly ie necessary if the bell crank rock-shaft be made as long as the space will permit. The lifting cam F is divided into three (not necessarily ,-Aaat) parts, a lower rest, a rise, and an upptr Yes,. The fall is abrupt. "In the position of parts shown in Fig. 1, the period of lower rest has just begun. The lifting rotates under the given arm (which is shown in one of the slots of the stop cylinder, and hence cannot revolve), the arm remaining down while the lifting cam is making one-third of a turn ; then, while the lifting cam is making another third of a turn, the arm rises in the slot. While the last one-third of the lifting cam is being made, the arm remains at rest, being held from rotating by the ratchet shaped tooth g of the stop cylinder. At the end of this period of rest the roller will have arrived at the lowest point of the releasing cam, and the stop cylinder will have been lowered sufficiently for the arm to pass over the ratchet-shaped tooth g, lowering the stop cylinder, also causing the long arm of the bell crank to come in the path of the angle-piece h riveted to the side of the arm, and rotate the arm as well as support it against falling. " By the time the arm has rotated over one-fifth of the circumference of the stop cylinder, the latter will have attained its normal height, and brought another ratchet-shaped tooth in the path of the arm to stop its rotation, besides throwing the bell crank into the position shown in Fig. 1, and allow-ing the arm to drop. " You will notice all movements, except the dropping of the arm, are positive. In

problem requiring a cultivated intellect for its comprehension and discussion? This comment is in harmony with the avowed intention contained in the first of thi series of articles—the intention to test—and, if possible, to prove the great educational value of this kind of mental exercise. A very good solution has been sent in by Mr. J. K. Love, of Waterbury, Conn, Referring to Figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14, Mr. Love explains his solution as follows: " As I understand the problem, the hub (after each period of rest) is to slide upward a definite distance, and remain at rest a definite period of time, at the expiration of which both the shaft and hub must be hori-zontally rotated a specific distance, less than a quarter circle, and when the rotation is finished the hub is to be lowered without rotation, and without rest, to the height it occupied at first. What I mean by without rest is that, after the rotation is completed, the hub is to be lowered immediately. If I am in error on this point, it is simply a matter of changing the cam to suit the re-quirements of the problem." [Mr. Love understands the problem as I intended it to be understood. L. A.] " Fig. 10 is a vertical section of the mech-anism, showing the method of raising and lowering the hub, which is accomplished by the internal cam, Fig. 14 (operating by means of a roller attached to it), the sliding key which is fitted into the spline. This spline is made unusually large, for the sake of strength. The drawing shows how the key is fastened to the hub. The shaft is rotated by means of the cam piece, Fig. 12, fitted into the circular cavity at a. This piece operates to force downward the pin p, which engages with one of the pins on the index plate, Fig. 11, carrying it around one-fifth of a revolution, after which it swings back into place, passing over the remaining pins until it is again forced downward at the proper moment. The plan of the index plate is clearly shown in Fig. 11, with the method of locking it. Fig. 12 is a view of the cam piece. Fig. 13 shows the lines and divisions of the cam. The small circle in this figure represents the position of the roller, while the shaft is rotating. Fig. 14 shows the cam in section." Mr. Love's solution is a good mechanical construction to effect the movement re-freely in a vertical direction through the hub of the gear b. Ile lifting of the hub is effected by a bifurcated lever of the first order, operated by a pin and roller playing in a groove of a cam c keyed to the shaft of the segmental gear. The develop-ment of the cam is shown in Fig. 20. The period of upper rest occurs at d, Fig. 20, and that of lower rest at e. A fork f, attached to the segmental gear c, engages successively with the pins g on the gear b, to insure the inter-meshing of the teeth. While this will effect the movement desired, I do not think it to be good mechanical construction to use gearing of this character if it can be avoided by more positive mechanism. This may he a rooted prejudice rather than an opinion. based upon substantial reason. However, as has been reiterated, the solution of the problem is not limited to best mechanical

FRICTION WHEELS.

broken pieces, being placed together as near-ly as possible, show as in Fig. 3, the thin center broke in a ring, the heavy rim was shattered to fragments, and the center piece separated i to four pieces by radial breaks C, which are clean breaks that can be put together accurately. It seems to me that that wheel burst be-cause it ought to have burst, because it was carefully planned to burst, and that any wheel of that shape may be reasonably ex-pected to burst and lay out any poor machin-

FORMING
construction. Perhaps on further reflection Mr. Currie can see a way to effect the hori-zontal rotation in a more positive manner, without changing the lifting mechanism, the latter being very simple and mechanical. A prisoner, for some trifling offense we believe, sawed off three one-inch bars in the Hudson County, N. J., jail and gained his liberty. If he had turned his earlier atten-tions to honest matters he would probably have been an ornament to the machinists' or some kindred trade. It makes a very mate-rial difference how one uses his talents.
CAMS.

ist who happens to be in the way of the flying fragments. I must tolerate the presence of a boiler that may burst, because it is neces-sary, but if I allow another emery wheel of that shape to be run I must hold myself re-sponsible for the consequences. GEORGE B. GRANT. Lexington, Mass. Friction Wheels. Editor American Machinist : In your issue of August 4th, 1892, F. II. Colvin says he would like some information about those straight and bevel frictions
The tool that I spoke about in a previous issue cannot be beat for the job. The round cutter arrangement used twenty years ago by one that had a good deal to do with building a saw-mill is not what he cracked it up to be. The iron and paper frictions are extensively used in the best saw-mills of the country, where nothing would answer the purpose as well. When they are put in their proper places and properly constructed they are a success. They would answer in Mr. Colvin's case, but my opinion is that the belt is better where there is room enough and a continuous motion. I know that from ex-perience. The wood and iron cog gears would do very well; but where room is lim-ited and a reversible motion is wanted the frictions can't be beat. As will be seen in sketch opposite, motions are obtained by shoving the shaft one way and then the other, making one paper wheel to bear against the iron, or driven one at a time; it is customary to make the paper friction the smallest. In straight-face frictions, eccen-tric or sliding boxes may be used in getting the contact of frictions. The arrangement shown in sketch is in practical operation. The frictions are able to handle the power transmitted by 10" belt on driving pulley. I have no formula at hand for the power of frictions, but would be pleased to see one. The practical experience I think goes a long ways in designing paper and bevel frictions. I might write a good deal about the subject, but for fear it would not be interesting, and infringing on too much valuable space, I will make this article short. There may be some one that can give the subject more just-ice; but if Mr. Colvin is building some fric-tions, we will say bevel, when he has deter-mined the size of them it will be an easy matter for him to lay out the proper angles, and proceeding as I have stated I think he will find no trouble in building and running paper and iron frictions.
STEAM FEED.
Forming Cams. Editor American Machinist : In reading the articles on cam movements, by A. D. Pentz, he shows Fig. 10, in Sep-tember 15th issue, as the best practice in making cam models, but I beg to differ with him, as the accompanying sketch will show. Where he has the curves on the edge of the

pg-6 AMERICAN MACHINIST 1892-Dec 1

the sum of the numerator and denominator. Thus for -; of a turn of the hub. 0 lower rest on the releasing cam uo last through of the circumference. For 4T of a turn of the hub the lower rest of the releasing cam would last through

ch will show. Where he has the curves on the edge of the

***************9-31*************************** ***********10-2******888888888888888888888888

pg-7 States-Milling Machine AMERICAN MACHINIST OCTOBER 13, 18923

cam to contend with I have not, as I use flat plates; the cam curves developed upon them, and fastened to the slide C. As the worm controls the movement of both the spindle and slide, the speed is the same in both. The slide A can be fastened to any milling machine platen; a pin with a roll is driven into it, and passes through the cross-slide to the former, which drives the spindle head B B forward or back as the spindle rotates. The length of the formers is the circumfer-ence of the worm gear on the pitch line plus what is necessary for fastening. In using this. fixture you would have to keep this in mind in timing cams, as the same length of former does for all sized cams. By hinging head B, and removing slide C, and replacing by angle plate D with roll on, and placing former on spindle extension, you can cut any shape or kind of cam with the same fixt-ure. This may be an old idea, but was new with me. C. F. SMITH.
Flies and Drawing Ink—Learning—American Boasting. Editor American Machinist : It has been my experience to find flies with a very decided penchant for Higgins drawing inks, and have found muriatic acid a good antidote to drive them back to their proper sphere. I tried hartshorn, but don't know whether the flies became accustomed to the combination or evaporation took place. I take exception to your rubbing fresh ink every morning and noon, because it takes time; time is money, and, furthermore, a draftsman cannot " think " and rub ink at the same time. W. goes at the kernel of the nut in good shape in his " Practical Talk to the Boys." The apprenticeship question is one that demagogue workmen and fool employers always try to cDmbat and surround with mystery. My advice to the young man de-termined to succeed as a mechanic, is to go on and up. Don't change from your present place for the sake of more pay, but if you are not learning now, change to the shop where you will learn, and opportunities be given for you to learn. I would just like to say one thing on the " American Boasting " discussion Mr.
bors. Now over here in the old country I believe I should be safe in saying that nine persons out of ten, if asked the question, would say: "Americans! Why, of course, they are all boast" ; they would probably say so, whether they knew anything about Ameri-cans or not, as it is generally accepted as an axiom on this side the water. Where there is smoke one is justified in suspecting fire. Personally, however, I believe that what we so generally put down as brag on the part of our American cousins is more a matter of
than we find their prototypes over here to be.. There are few civilized countries who do not possess some, perhaps many reasons for national pride, and which may be far from the region of boast ; but in this matter it is for we machini'ts and engineers to con-fine ourselves to our profession. Myself, as an engineer, I ignore the demarkation of territory; as an engineer I claim the world as my country, and all engineers as my countrymen. feel nearer akin to that brown-skinned fellow-creature and fellow-machinist who made

pleasure, not the boast, is ours, we machinist's and engineers. As .hinists we are working in differ count la,' different conditio may learn from each other and adm. other's good work. Our endeavor she by our works to show the best that can done under the conditions we are placed in. It is our destiny, more than that of any other profession, to alter the face of the world, to open up and utilize her resources for the benefit of mankind. You of us in America are showing us how to make machine tools, Corliss engines, etc., and how to illustrate them and print their description, and you have shown us the way in systematic production, which is the best thing, perhaps, you ever have shown us. We others in the rest of the world are also doing something; let us waste no time in boasting of what we have done, but show the world how much better we can do. FRANK LESTER, M. Inst., M. E. England.

New MILLING MACHINE.
The accompanying illustrations show a new milling machine, and a patented circular milling attachment recently put on the mar-ket by the States Machine Co., of Hartford, Conn. Fig. 1 shows the milling machine, and, as will be seen, its construction possesses stabil-ity, compactness and simplicity ; it also em-braces some new and advantageous features. The frame, including the arm supports, is one solid casting, and designed to resist with safety all strains to which it may be sub-jected. The cylindrical arm is placed 12 inches above the spindle center ; for large machines it is 54 inches diameter. Its bear-ing extends throughout the whole width of frame, and the arm has a large range of adjustment. The pendant is loose, and is also adjustable, so that it may be dropped inside of the work, where it cannot be swung in. The back gears lie entirely inside of the frame, and are out of the way. The main spindle is large in proportion it runs in double-tapered steel bushings, hardened and ground to fit, and provided with means for taking up at both ends of the bearings. The end of the main spindle is not only bored out tapered, but it is, throw-

place for the sake of more pay, but if you are not learning now, change to the shop where you will learn, and opportunities be given for you to learn. I would just like to say one thing on the " American Boasting " discussion Mr. Sweet has not said one word about any other nation's boasters. I have put a Yankee and an English engineer together, and two greater braggarts I never listened to; they had performed wonderful things, but not half so great as they imagined. The Scotch-man does not brag much; he is after pelf. The German is a combination of the Eng-lishman and Yankee in boasting, and excels his English brother in copying and purloin-ing the products of others' brains. But the nervy Frenchman, with his electric waltzing from alpha to omega in mechanics, and back again, searching for ways and means to ac-complish desired results, without ever telling us who he was or where he came from, and his more slow-going, colder blooded brother mechanics from Norway and Sweden have always been my ideals. Being a student of human nature, as well as a mechanic, I have long noted these things, and feel that my friend Sweet is perfectly justified, so far. There is an old and true proverb, thusly, " He that htimbleth himself shall be ex-alted." This has been Professor Sweet's maxim throughout his mechanical life, and unconsciously too, I think. How many of us who stand ready to score and criticise his honesty in " giving the devil his due " can say the proverb fits us ? THE OLD MAN.
American Boasting. Editor American Machinist : " Spare the rod and spoil the child" is perhaps one of the most practical proverbs in the language; at all events it is so, without doubt, in the opinion of the child. American machinists are favored in hav-ing so judicious a wielder of the rod as they possess in the person of Prof. Sweet. To be brought to task for one's shortcomings is a most salutary exercise, and cannot fail to benefit. As a rule, if you want to know your failings, and have them shown up full size, it is only necessary to apply to one's neigh-

habit, a national habit, than a real intention to boast. If we get down to the bed rock of the thing, the real intentional boast, I believe we should find as great a proportion, especi-ally of mechanical boasters, in Great Britain as in the United States; at all events, if not boasters, individuals who possess a most gi-gantic opinion of themselves, which amounts to the same thing, and unfortunately we generally find that this class of people base their pretensions on a most quicksandy foundation, and that real merit loves seclu sion. It is to be hoped that those Americans who do boast are more justified in doing so
the curious ball, or to that African smith who forged those curious chains, or to that American who made that highly-finished automatic screw machine, than I do to my lawyer neighbor next door, and wherever my profession achieves a triumph of ingenu-ity, of skill, of accuracy and finish of work-manship, I share in the pride of it—it may be in my own little works, it may be in India, Japan, Germany, America, I care not where; I do not quarrel as to what particular country belongs the honor of the steam engine, the electric dynamo, or any other mechanical triumph over nature; the honor is ours, the
frame, and are out of the way.

NEW MILLING MACHINE. The main spindle is large in proportion it runs in double-tapered steel bushings, hardened and ground to fit, and provided with means for taking up at both ends of the bearings. The end of the main spindle is not only bored out tapered, but it is, threaded, and has a 4- inch collar turned out of the solid spindle stock against which the cap screw arbor shoulders, giving the tool exceptional cutting capacity and strength. The cap arbor is shown in the figure, in-dicating its comparative size. The knee is gibbed square to the frame ; its wearing surface is large, and means are provided for taking up on both edges. At the center of its weight it is supported by a 2-inch screw, which is stationary in the frame, thereby avoiding the necessity of cutting a hole in the floor. The elevating adjusting screw is at the top of the knee, geared 20 to 1 by double gearing, making the adjustment, as well as the up and down feed, extremely sensitive and easy. The platen has three large T-grooves, which are open at the ends, without any overhanging parts. The capacity of the platen is comparatively large. The feed is exceptionally strong ; it is taken directly from the end of the main spindle by a worm running in oil, and transmitted through patented universal joints. Fig. 2 shows the circular milling attach-ment in working position, and clearly indi-cates the simple manner of transferring the feed motion from the platen to the attach-ment, whereby all the changes of feed of the machine can be given to the attachment, which can also be fed either automatically or by hand. The attachment is adapted to take two pieces of work, one at either end. Any circular work, such as gear blanks, spur or bevel wheels, grooved pulleys, etc., from the smallest diameter up to 16 inches, can be milled to a finish two at a time, thereby ob-taining exact duplicates, which is frequently a great advantage. It is claimed that in a given time a greater amount of duplicate work can be turned out with this attach-ment than with any engine lathe. For irregular work, such as cams, etc., the same attachment is used with a sliding base. The former roll is held by a bracket from the base, and the arm and pendant hold it from the top. The spring on short turns, frequently found in cam-cutting ma-chines, is here claimed to be impossible, and consequently true work is obtained. The States Machine Co. manufacture five styles of these machines, including full universal machines with back gears, and plain milling machines without back gears, but all are designed to do straight, circular and irregular milling.

pg-8

gouge, chisel and mallet are used to remove the bulk of the wood. As there is risk of the concussion of the blows splitting out the short grain, their direction should be rather diago-nally, and away from the rim outwards in the direction of the line A A, Fig. 62, and as more and more is removed, inclining to parallel. When the bulk of the stuff has been removed the curves of faces and flanks are set in a lit-tle way with paring gouge and chisel, and the edges whitened with chalk or reddened with red lead in oil. The flanks and faces are now worked straight across from one side to the other with paring gouge and chisel, and the setting in and coloring of the curves at the ends prevents risk of the lines being cut un der with the gouge and chisel. A small, thin, narrow straight-edge is used with coloring matter, to test the straightness of the flanks as the work proceeds—a quite essential pre-caution when the cutting is done with gouge and chisel, tools 'which do not possess the initial faculty of guidance possess( d by the plane. The plane, as we see, can only be used for the extreme faces, Fig. 63 A. When the teeth are worked accurately nothing more is done to them except to give them a good oiling with linseed oil with a brush or rag. This imparts a slight hard-ness and a good appearance to the surface. The marking out of bevel wheel cogs necessarily proceeds on different methods. Still there is no more actual difficulty, but only more time required with the latter. Since a bevel wheel is a frustum of a cone the tooth centers, roots, points, flanks, and faces all run in exact planes to the apex A of the cone, Fig. 64. The shapes of the teeth are marked out accordingly on the drawing from which the wheel is Made, and are transferred to the ends of the cogs. I need not go into the details of the operation, but the drawing, Fig. 64, will convey the whole , meaning of the process to the mind of a pat-tern maker. At B there is the sectional form of the tooth, and at C D the forms and di-mensions of their outlines on the large and small diameters respectively are seen pro-jected. The radii are not taken along the semi diameters a b c d, but along the project-ed radii e b, f 4, on lines at right angles with A e. These are then drawn at C D. The thickness of the cogs on the-small diameter is
The small grooved pulley on the arm over which the slack side of the rope passes holds the rope up and causes it to encircle nearly the whole of the driving pulley, making it next to impossible for the rope to slip. It is manufactured by Albert L. Colburn, New Haven, Conn.
Two-spindle Boring and Mortising Machine.

This machine will bore two holes at once,
between centers. Weight, abo-ut 500 pounds. Either of these machines can be furnished with hand-lever and a treadle. The manu-facturer is P. Pryibil, 498-510 W. 41st street, New York City.
Two firemen who were on the steamer "Alice Blanchard " on a trip to the Yukon River brought back two novel Aleut canoes. The boats are made of rawhide supported by horizontal ribs The only opening is a circular hole in the center large enough for
LETTERS FROM PRACTICAL MEN.
Fly-wheels. Editor American Machinist : In the matter of fly-wheel diameter and weight, I like to apply Matthew Baldwin's old rule in locomotive construction : " Make it about right, and then throw in another ton of iron." With this it is suitable to remember J. A. Fay & Co.'s rule for horse-power to drive wood-working machinery: " A little too much belt power is about enough." ROBERT GRIMSHAW.

SMALL PORTABLE DRILLING MACHINE.
and the line joining the center of the two holes may be at any desired angle to the table, from horizontal, which is the position shown in the engraving, to the vertical, or where one spindle would be vertically over the other. The table can be set 10" below the centers of spindles. It slides .forward and back
a man's body so that he can sit down. A flap of rawhide surrounds the hole, and when the occupant plants himself in the bot-tom of the craft he draws this flap up, fastening it tightly around his body under the arms. This makes the boat practically water-tight, and he can paddle along in the roughest kind of weather without danger of drown-
Why Are Gears Noisy ? Editor American Machinist : In reading " Gascon's Discourses Upon Some Shortcomings in Text-books," by Jarno, I am led to attempt to put a few thoughts of my own on the same subject be-fore the readers of the AMERICAN MACHINIST.

Take any of the text-books that are now published treating upon " Involute Gearing "—all give a theory of constructing the gear 8ooth, and gears so constructed fail to give good practical results. In fact, some will not mesh at all. What the average ma-chinist wants is this gear question discussed in plain, every-day talk. Most writers, in explaining the theory of gearing, use technical terms, which, while probably correct, are understood by but few of the mechanics having, anything to do with gearing. The writer is one of that class who repre-sent the practical side of gearing, and what I shall say will be the result of a long and varied practice. First, I will ask the professors a few ques-tions. Can they tell us what amount of interference there is in the true involute in a pair of gears, say 3 P 19 and 69 T, and can they tell how to draw the form of teeth for these gears so they will run smoothly and quietly?. Why do gears make a noise ? How should the teeth bear upon each other to prevent a noise ? Which gear is the best and smoothest run-ning—the 144-°, 18°, 20°, or 24° pressure angle, and why ? T

pg-10 AMERICAN MACHINIST Dec 1, 1892.

pg-11 Ads AMERICAN MACHINIST Dec 1, 1892.

***************11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11*****************

********

***************13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-*************************

pg-12 Ads AMERICAN MACHINIST Dec 12, 1892.

***************13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-*************************

13-13-13-13-13-13-***