tml>

*********************************************
top top sky pic top size

                                                                 Antiquemachinery.com

                                                                     AMERICAN MACHINIST

                                                                                                                           No            June 16  1896

         Discovery of X-rays

Wha  what is going on in machine tools? on

William McKinley Elected

William McKinley (R) defeats William Jennings Bryan (D) to be President of the United States

    , US

.
   
top
top
sky
pic top
size
    what 
*****************************************
 

cover March--20-1886 
AL FOR MACHINISTS, ENGDEERS, FOUNDERS, BOILER MAKERS, PATTERN MAKERS AND BLACKSMITHS. 
VUL. 9, No. 12.1 WEEKLY. COPYRIGHT 1886, BY AMERICAN MACII I N PUBLISHING COMPANY. 
Mechanical Arrangements of the North Hudson County Cable Railway. 

This road extends from Hoboken City Heights, a distance of a little one mile. The method of run-ning curves con-sists of a series of double width and d ou b 1 0 groove pulleys for carrying the cable ; also up-right, wide-face grooved pulleys for guiding the cable around the curves. These radius pulleys are mo placed that I 110 cable, when in the grip, is held away from them, thus pre-venting danger of Hiriking, and doing away with the necessity of pulleys hung in Hwinging frames, which can be pushed out of the way when the 
to Jersey more than 

NEW YORk, MARch 20. 82.50 per Annum. SINGLE COPIES, a CENTS. 
For SHIN EV el' y 11101-11 by Newridenlerw. ENTERED AT POST OFFICE, NEW YORK, AN MICCOND CLASS MATTEF. 
single hand-wheel, but the connections 10.0 HO devised that i it — F4 .111110H1111,14, to eonneet with both grip and brake at the HILIIIII tone. In Fig. 2, A IN the lover to which the grip-bar 1), Fig. I , is connected. The chain from    brought aeparately into gear with the worm wheel P. At 1, the mil and washer are shown with the lever remove d. is the worm on the Upright rod whiell earries the hand-wheel by --- At both ends of the grip are levers similar to those shown at A, li )01(1 (1, which last, is connected to E and A, through portions of the grip not shown. As lever Cis moved to the right by turning the hand-wheel on the brake and grip shaft, which is connected with D, as before shown, A is re-volved upon its axis, the lever B is drawn down-ward and a simi-lar lever, which is connected with the upper end of 1 A and the point le, is drawn up-ward, thus clos-ing the jaws LI, and grasping the cable with tre-mendous power. These levers act upon the well-known principle of the toggle or ' elbow-joint, ex-erting their ONI, I ►0wor as ItI►I►roacll I in+ end of their  ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++grove," plumps for guiding the cable around the curves. These radius pulleys (1 When in the grip, is held away from them, thus pre-venting danger of striking, and doing away with the necessity of pulleys hung in swinging frames, which can  be pushed out of the way when the grip conies in contact with the swing frames. The operation of these pulleys is fully illustra-ted Iwby Fig. 5, page 2, and the position occu-pied by the cable is also there shown. By means of a simple arrange-ment the cable lifter (Fig. 3) will take up the cable at any point on the road, except ou curves of very short radius. The grip, All e action of is 1C7astrai '"- Fig. 1,, is 3 feet long and consists simply. of two pieces of cast iron; 'be-tween which the cable is pressed.. In startingtht. car, pressure is applied gradually until the car is about up to the brak attached to the ,eye-bolt C, and is sper,ii, then the grip is set up sufficiently to wound around the grooved pulley in the usual carry the car to the foot of the grade, when a final application of the hand-wheel makes sure that the grip-pressure on the cable' will carry the car to the top of the grade without slip. I and brake hand-wheel. By operating this 7:1[V car, when starting from.tho fttations, will lever\- -r P • oftt 1 -:1-

NORTI1 HUDSON COUNTY CABLE RAILWAY. 
manner. At D, a lever is connected, which projects through the platform of the car near the grip 

which brake and grip are worked. It will runs readily be seen from the engraving, hove G is connected to ti_ brought in contact with the wheel F. The le- , As seen in Fig, 1, the grip consist of two I I-1- • who heavy jaws, which are mi2fie of caot,:i 
through the 
111 cs .n noel I wills and grasping the cable with tre-mendous power. These levers act upon the well-known principle of the toggle or ' elbow-joint, ex-erting their greatest power as they approach the end of their movement. By reference to the large  illustra-tion, the arrange-ment of these de-tails may be clearly seen. The cable lifter is shown in Fig. 3. The cylinder le slides easily through a cast-iron bolster which is shown -in the large en-graving. Co n-neetions 1: Pare short li to which are at-tached levers and weights suffici-ent to partly balance the weight of the apparatus shown in Fig. 3. The lever seen to the right of the brake and grip hand-wheel, in the large engraving, ► is connected to rod A, which hod low cylinder F, and is jaNit; C C, as show, 

3-rd page scan AMERICAN-MACHINIST-   March-20-1886-page 3

AMERICAN MACHINIST   The Constituents-of-Cast Iron
for being always one thing in point of density or hardness. A little observation on these points will at once dispel this illusion, for whilst some wheels may be chilled almost 1" deep ; others again will be found hardly, touched with chill, and the iron all through as soft as lead almost. Again 1 would call the attention to this fact, that full reliance cannot be placed on the productions of our best firms in this line of business. I have seen four rolls all of the same dimensions, which came from a leading firm, no two of which were alike in density. One was almost condemned for being too hard ; the softest being as much in fault the opposite way. I mention this to show that however much may have been accomplished in the way of mixtures, much still remains for the judgment of the mixer ; for, as is well known, a judicious selection of scrap in large quantities will always produce the finest casting, and, if possible, new iron should never be used exclusively. Many may think that it would be easy to mix sufficient very hard grade new iron to neutralize a very soft one. This plan will never succeed. The re-sult of such a mixture is always a pronounced mottle, large and unsightly, the white and dark patches seem never to have united. Such rolls last but a very short time for, as soon as they are put to use, the soft parts crumble out, leaving the roll perfectly honey-combed. This proves the necessity of using iron in the mixture not too far apart in their nature and degree of density, and of choos-ing such grades as are the nearest to the mixture required. A good plan is to melt together your very hard and soft scrap, and run down into good sized pigs, say 6" or 8" square. The reason for this is that where small pigs are made for charcoal scrap, the result is " white iron," which as a rule you do not want. All overflows from casts should be run in like manner and covered over as soon as run. By adopting this method a great saving is effected. I shall now proceed to give a few mixtures for different sized rolls, and to make them intelligible to the reader it will be necessary to inform him what is meant by Nos. 3, 4 and 5, as the case may be. These several num-bera represent the grades as arranged for my own convenience in mixing. 
made of such, assorting and grading it as di-rected. By " low " scrap, I mean such as shows neither chill nor mottle. " Medium " is intended for all scrap which is mottled, but only slightly chilled, whilst " high " means that which is deeply mottled with con-siderable chill. By noting carefully these particulars, the table of mixtures given below will be intelligible : 
0 z 
For 10" and 12" rolls, with 5" and 6" necks .... Another. .. For  1 5 rolls, with 10'' necks. Another ... For 2 0 ' ' rolls, with 11" necks. For  2 2 " rolls, with 17" necks. For  2 5 " rolls, with 11'' necks. Another ... 
 
These mixtures are so many pounds to the ton of 2,000 lbs. , and may be modified to suit circumstances, as, for instance, scrap may be substituted for wheel of the same grade, or vii e versa. 
[JULY 10, 1886 
Institute by Mr. Turner, demonstrator of chemistry, Mason College : " The most important feature in this paper was the announcement that it was possible, without any extra expense, to impart to all cast-iron a tensile strength of at least fifteen tons per square inch, or nearly double that on which it is now safe to reckon. In order to do this, it is only necessary to have suffi-cient silicon in the metal. The author's own experiments were made with iron of more than usual purity, specially prepared by heat-ing South Staffordshire wrought iron in cruci-bles with charcoal. The product was then mixed with various amounts of silicon pig, and the resulting metal examined chemically and mechanically. The materials employed had the following composition : 
Descrip-tion. Total Carbon. Graphite. Si. P. Mn. S. Original cast-iron.. 1.98 0.38 0.19 0.32 0.14 0.05 Silicon pig. 1 .81 1.12 9.80 0.21 1 .95 0.04 
The total carbon was purposely kept as nearly as possible constant at 2 per cent. , so as to obviate any uncertainty due to varia-tions in that element. The only element other than silicon which varied to any considerable extent was manganese ; but in this case the alterations were rather less than one-fifth of the variations in silicon, and would not appear to have introduced an appreciable error. In 

his earlier experiments to be of considerable interest. There is also given the calculated transverse strength, which is of importance in connecting together tensile wend crushing strength. The tensile and crushing tests were performed by Professor A. B. W. Ken-nedy, of University College, London, while he was indebted to Mr. J. P. Walton for assistance in the analytical part of the work . The crushing strength also shows a very considerable uniformity, the only exception being the 2.5 per cent. specimen, which is probably rather too high, owing to the small amount of graphitic carbon. The maximum value of 92.54 tons was obtained with one per cent. of silicon. This value, though greater than is usual with cast iron, has been exceeded by Sir W. Fairbairn, who in 1853 recorded a crushing streigth of nearly 96 tons. The author concluded—(1). That pure cast iron—i. e., iron and carbon only—even if ob-tainable, would not be the most suitable ma-terial for use in the foundry. (2.) That cast iron containing excessive amounts of other constituents is equally unsuited for foundry purposes. (3.) That the ill effects of an excess of one constituent can at best be only imperfectly neutralized by the addition of another constituent. (4.) That there is a suitable proportion for each constituent pres-ent in cast iron. This proportion depends upon the character of the product which is desired, and upon the proportion of other elements present. (5.) That variations in the proportion of silicon afford a trustworthy and inexpensive means of producing a cast-iron of any required mechanical character which is possible withhe material employed. " Marine engine builders," said a well-known engineer, " are apt to meet strains in marine engines by opposing to them an un-yielding force." Locomotive builders, on the other hand, allow parts to move and ad-just themselves, a point which marine engi-neers cannot adopt, or even comprehend. Said he, " the best marine engine I ever had made was built in a locomotive shop." We have received, through the courtes Professor Swain, a circular explanatory! of civil engineering department of the-4 the Masichusetts Institute of Technology. Massa-from the oirrillsir +ha armv.a „;–;,,Tudginv 

NNa 

C/O not want. All overnows Ir0111 casts snvuiu be run in like manner and covered over as soon as run. By adopting this method a great saving is effected. I shall now proceed to give a few mixtures for different sized rolls, and to make them intelligible to the reader it will be necessary to inform him what is meant by Nos. 3, 4 and 5, as the case may be. These several num-bers represent the grades as arranged for my own convenience in mixing. For instance, No. 3 means a close, even-grained, clear, bright iron, entirely free from the slightest trace of chill. This iron if of a good brand will be hard to break, and when broken will show a clean fracture straight across the pig. (I would here call the readers attention to the fact that Salisbury charcoal iron forms the basis of these mixtures, being, in my opinion, the best iron for rolls.) By No. 4 I mean an iron very similar to the No. 3 in the center of the pig, but about an inch from the edge all round it assumes a darker hue of a blueish cast, and much closer in grain with a tendency to chill at all the corners. This iron will be still tougher than No. 3, but must have no trace of mottle in it. By No. 5 I mean an iron having the center of pig the same grain as the 1" round the No. 4 pig, the rest being mottled and having its surface chilled to the depth of or f. By a faithful adherence to the descriptions of the numbers it will be easy to arrange the following mixtures, all of which I consider " standard," having used them myself with unvarying success. They are the result of a patient study of the subject aided by an ex-tensive series of experimentary practice. As will be seen I give more than one mixture for the same sized roll, which enables the mixer to regulate his mixture according to the iron he may have by him. It will also be observed that I describe the nature of the scrap used as well as the car wheels; these are important items and must be carefully noted as, for instance, by " low " car wheel, I mean such as have not more than 1" chill on the face by " medium " car wheel about a", -31" and by " high," I mean such whedls as are chilled from r to V. The scrap I also dis-tinguish by grades in a similar manner, 'and; as scrap is made up of a miscellaneous lot of n, such as pieces of rolls, necks, etc., 
Tap as is made inrthe foundry; G  This number is rt '-,h6r low, as the rrgdes of liar;' - Gtoe, TT nroba1,1 4f- 4g, • lwlam.way, ,opTo-veraeut 

 

GEAR CUT TER.-See page 1. 
The Constituents of Cast-Iron. 
We take the following abstract of a paper on the above subject from the Engineer. The paper was presented to the Iron and Steel 
the table annexed the results of his experi-ments are collected together for the first time. everything connected with railroad operating, In addition to what has been previously pub- management and maintenance. The same is lished, there is added a specimen containing true of other subjects which the student is 1.4 per cent. of silicon, as that appeared from specially desirous of pursuing exhaustively. 
the other hand, allow parts to move and ad-just themselves, a point which marine engi-neers cannot adopt, or even comprehend. Said he, " the best marine engine I ever had made was built in a locomotive shop." •411110 • We have received, through the courtesy- of Professor Swain, a circular explanatory Sf the civil engineering department of the Massa-chusetts Institute of Technology. Judging from the circular, the course of civiltgineer-ing, as arranged, is very complete, a d is made practicable by a large amount o out-door work. We note, from an outline ot some of the more important branches, that' l„ sub-ject of hydraulics and hydraulic engineeriux is given the prominence due it also that sanitary engineering is well considered. Th(, subject of railroads is very thoroughly em braced in the general course, from recon-naissance to final completion. In this branch the field work embraces actual location of several miles of road, with complete plans and careful estimates. One of the most important features of the department of civil engineering is the intro-duction of option. As an example, students who propose to follow railroad work after graduating may, if they desire, pursue this branch beyond what is embraced in the general course to an extent including about 
TABLE A.-Effect of Silicon on the Properties of cast Iron. 

0 0.5 
1 1.4 2 2.5 3 4 5 7.5 10 
Relative density at 20° C. (Water at 20c = 1.) 
Cylinders. 
7.560 7.510* 7.641 7.555 7.518 7.422 7.258 7.183 7.167 7.128 6.978 
Turnings. 
7.719 7.670 7.630 7.473 7.350 7.388 7.279 7.218 7.170 7.138 6.924 
72 52 42 22 22 22 27 32 42 37 
Tensile strength = per square inch. 
lbs ;22,720 27,580 28,49() 31,440 35,180 32,760 27,390 25,280 22,750 11,950 10,630 • 
Tons. 10 14 12.31 12.72 14.04 15.70 14 . 62 12.23 11.28 10.16 5.34 4.75 
Modulus of elasticity. 
25,790,000 28,670,000 31,180,000 23,500,000 23,560,000 25,450,000 21,150,000 15,640,000 18,720,000 14,750,000 13,930,000 
Crushing strength per square inch. 
lbs. 168,700 204,800 207,300 183,900 137,300 172,900t 128,700 106,900 103,400 111,000 76,380 
Calculated trans-verse strength. Bars 1 ft. long, 1 in. square, loaded in the center. 
Tons. lbs. 75.30 2702 91.42 3280 92.54 3370 82.08 3498 61.29 3446 77.18t 35: 57.45 4,• 47.7/1 46. 34.1....,  4o 
specimenA1PiL-* (to7pr'044d: to be somewhat fauit3 
-ENV YORK. 

t b0 LI 1 
Chemical Analysis. 
73:2 4 
Tons. 11..250.6 1.98 1.464 ct, cz) 
0 / • Q., IA El 1 
a ii 
so i8) 
0.38 0.10 )1 ' .62 
1,) 
0 
1.60 0.19 1.90 0.45 1.85 0.96, 1.71. 1, ppi (1 511 t" 
h , ri tp 0 0;•-■ 
b$5, cap 
3 

0 32 0.11 0.05 0.33 0.21 0.05 0.33. 0.20 0.04 0,80 -- 0.05 0.28 0 60 0.03 50*- 4-4 0.05 
k*. Rrallel with each h, j ib-cellar sidewalk 


***************************************************************************************

taking any number of points (the more the better) in any position whatever in the circum-ference of the circle m2 n2 c2 d2; thus: Fig. 269, let A B be the ground line, and let m n repre-sent the vertical projection of the upper base of a cylinder having the same diameter, and the same inclination to the hori-zontal plane of projection as that represented by m n in Fig. 268, and let the circle m2 n, c2 d2 in Fig. 269 represent the same base when its projecting plane co-incides with the vertical plane of projection. For reasons given in Problem 51, the center C., of this circle will lie in a straight line drawn perpendicu-lar to the line m n, and drawn through the point c midway between the extremities m and n. Now let us take any point as e2 in the circumference m2 n2 c2 d2, and find its horizontal projection. Our first step will be to find the position of the same point on the line m n, or in other words, find the posi-tion of the point e2 after the plane which contains the same has been revolved about its trace m n until it stands perpen-dicular to 1 he vertical plane of projection. Now,inrevolving this plane about its cle 227, that both the vertical and hori-zontal projection of a point must lie in a

/Fig. 272/ between the points e and e2. We therefore lay off on the line e e3 from the point e4, in which it cuts the line A B, a point e3, the distance between the points e4 and e3 being equal to that between the points e and e2. Then will the point es be the horizontal and the point e the vertical projection of a given point in space, and this same point is also represented by e2. But since e2 lies in the circumference of the circle, the point e3 will also be a point in the boundary line of the horizontal projection of this circle. In a similar manner we may obtain the hori-zontal projections of any number of points chosen in the circumference of the circle, and then by joining these horizontal pro-jections by a curved line we will obtain a boundary line of the base in the horizontal projection precisely the same as that shown in Fig. 268. Once more, in working draw- Pig. 273

projection " is meant an elevation of an object, and by the term " horizontal pro-jection " is meant a plan of the object (see Articles 215 and 222); and when we say—" the axis of the cylinder is to be parallel to the vertical plane of projection"—we simply mean that in drawing the elevation of the cylinder we must assume • the axis of the same to be parallel to the surface of the paper on which it is drawn ; and by the ex-pression " oblique to the horizontal plane of projection "—we mean that in drawing the plan of the cylinder we must assume the axis of the same to be *inclined to the sur-face of the paper on which it is drawn. In problems of this kind we must always make first that view of an object in which the true lengths of all the lines can be seen, and therefore we commence with the verti-cal projection or elevation of the cylinder.

two cylinders will be 11 inches long and 111 inches in diameter ; the remaining cylinder will be 8 inches in diameter and 112 inch-es long. We have now only to find the horizontal projection of each one of these cylinders by the method, given in Problem 51, and thus obtain the out-line of the flanged cylinder in the horizontal projection. In Article 18 it is stated that the science of geometry treats on the laws relating to space, and that a geometrical solid is that portion of space which a material object may occupy. hence, to find the horizontal projection of the hole in the cylinder, we simply consider it to be another right cylinder whose axis coincides with the others, and whose length is lim-ited by the face f g and h i of the upper and lower flanges, and then find the projection of this cylinder in precisely the same manner as shown in Fig. 268 and explained in Problem 51. Directions. —In the space marked Prob. 52 draw the verti-cal and horizontal projections of a flanged cylinder whose position and dimensions will agree with those given in Fig. 270. Use a 1I---inch scale. The ellipses which represent the horizon-tal projection of the faces i h, n m, 1 k, g of the flanges are exactly alike, and therefore we need to find only the points in one el-lipse. In drawings of this kind, the points so found can be joined sufficiently accurate by arcs of a circle, and, consequently, when one curve has been drawn in this manner, similar curves can be readily drawn without finding points in each curve. The manner of joining the points by arcs of a circle is explained in Article 379. In the case before us, we have only to find the correct positions of the major and minor axes, :and on these establish centers from which the arcs com-posing the curve can be drawn. Thus : For the horizontal projection of the uppefit flange we need only find, as is clearly shown in Figs. 270, 271, the position of the major e
3rd scan AMERICAN-MACHINIST-1889 page 3      AMERICAN MACHINIST DECEMBER 31, 1887
Blade-and-Knife-Grinder
We will first consider what can be done with the templet and strickle. Fig. 1 is the sketch of a section of top and bottom railing about 9" wide and 1" thick all over. These are made in various lengths, some straight and others curved at one end. A few hours, at most, will serve to make such a pattern as this by the method under con-sideration, the only outlay for pattern work being the strickle and templet on which it is to travel. First consider a straight piece of pattern, say six feet long, and to the di-mensions given for Fig. 1. Let it be the top half. By referring to Fig. 2 it will be seen at a glance. Such as this can be made readily in a flask by securing parallel pieces (planed to a true surface) on the edges of the flask, as seen at A. The strickle is shown resting on these pieces, with stop B at one end, to guide it straight. The first thing to be done is to ram the sand very hard in the flask, and strike off the form of top side of parttern ; this is the • line marked C on the strickle. If this is carefully done a true and hard surface is the result. Smooth over and dust on the parting sand, taking care to have no more on than is necessary to part the cope. Let the cope be evenly rammed on this and lifted away. Before proceeding to strike out the thickness the bed must be prepared, as in this condition 'it would be altogether too hard for the iron to rest on. After such preparation is made, then strike off the thickness, as shown at line marked D. I have shown a space outside the web at E. This is to aid in securing a good inner edge when the web is deep, leaving the outside to be made up with a piece of pattern the thickness required. All that is needed now is the right man to finish up the mould—one who has made the use of his tools a study. Such a man will turn out a pattern by this method, equal in every respect to the one made from a wooden model ; in fact, very often much superior, as there is always great difficulty in keeping such light patt erns in shape. Of course blocks can be made to fit them, but this is only adding still more expense ; and why incur all this
but when properly done a good impression can be had. When the cope is lifted off, the templet must be replaced, and after the requisite preparations for venting, etc , have been made, proceed to ram the core, and with strickle No. 2 (which must have the required thickness allowed when made) proceed as directed for the outside. I may be pardoned for again saying that unless a first-class workman be entrusted with this kind of work, good results cannot ensue, as there are so many points to be watched, such as the even ramming, correct finish, and an eye at all times to the draft required to insure a smooth working pat-tern. Although I have not shown ends on the templet at Fig. 3, they can be put on when it is thought advantageous. It will at once be seen that this method may be applied to a wide range of work, and that it costs comparatively nothing for pattern making.

Fig. 1. Fig. C. Fig. 5.
gives less trouble. in ramming, and, secures a better core with less labor. It is right to say here that when method shown at Fig. 6 is adopted, the ends must be of the same diameter as the inside of pattern. Numerous illustrations might be given to show the adaptibility of this method to the production of other circular patterns, but I feel sure that enough has been said to prove its adequacy; for by slight modifications of the system, almost every emergency may be met successfully. We will now consider the subject of mak-ing cast patterns from models, plaster casts and carved blocks. Fig. 7 is the sketch of a newel post, quite a familiar object, and needs no explanation. My reasons for selecting this post is because it furnishes cap ital opportunities for illustrating the method of making patterns from carved blocks. This post is supposed to be 12" square at the base and cap, and 3' high; such a post is usually made up of four thin slabs about 1" thick, mitered at the corners, and held together by internal fast-enings. Being sold at so much apiece, it of course behooves the founder to keep therri as light as pos-sible, especially as com-petition in their manufac-ture is very keen. In fact, however massive any of this class of work may seem, we may rest assured that it is just as thin gs the manufacturer knew how to make it. Some of this work is really handsome, and tests the skill of the carver to produce it, but carving out the face side is not the whole difficulty. If (as is sometimes attempted) the back is cut out to the de-sired thickness all over, the chances are that some parts will be cut through, whilst other parts will not be cut deep enough; and to avoid the former evil, it is considered best --fig. 4.

_Fig. 7.
the block and proceed to lay in the thick-ness, which will be made of clay, after this manner : The best clay for the purpose is the red, smooth kind ; dry it and pound fine ; then sift through a fine sieve and wet to the consistency of stiff putty. Now nail two strips I" thick on a smooth board, as far apart as required, and roll out the clay between. All that is now needed is a knife and a little ingenuity, and the clay may be cut and laid on the hard mould with the greatest accuracy, every part of the surface being correct to thickness. It will now 1w seen why the bottom was to be rammed so hard the first time, and also why the joint was to be extended past the feather edge ; in thy` latter case, the thickness can stand past the edge a little when laid on, and pared off even with the joint afterwards. Now prepare for parting, and take this impression in cope No. 2. (This will be the top part of mould and the back of pattern.) Should there be intricate parts in the lift, clamp the two parts together and roll them both back on a soft bed. You can now loosen the nowel and lift the sand away carefully without disturbing any of the mould in the cope. When the clay is re-moved you have, a perfect impression. In finishing this, be careful to give good draft where it is needed. The necessity of cope No. 1 is now seen, for the joint in this is the same impress as that in cope No. 2, and nothing remains to be done but to place in the back, bring on the Dowel and ram so as to give a good, even casting. When this is turned over, cope No. 1 ends its usefulness by leaving you the joint exactly corresponding with the impression taken in cope No. 2, so that you have an absolute fit when they are placed together, and an even thickness at every part of the pattern. Should the design be very elaborate, with many delicate edges, it will facilitate the thicknessing very much if a coat of plaster be run over the pattern instead of the hard ramming as directed, thus leaving a good hard face to lay the clay to. This is the best where there is very fine carving, and the pattern is to be extra light, such as for ornaments, fine mouldings and all patterns for decorative purposes. When the model covers a large space it is customary for the designer to have it cast in plaster sections to insure easy and safe shipments. To make a pattern from such set.-


WICKES ~ BROTHERS
220 Water Street, Saginaw, Mich.
801 Fifth Ave., New York 736 White- Henry Bldg., Seattle, Wash.
*************************5555**************************
4. AMERICAN-MACHINIST-1892-page 3 June-16
4 pic
bott
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((55555(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

555555555 4th  AMERICAN-MACHINIST-Dec 31 1887 page 4  A New Center grinding attachment 
pg 4   June 16, 1892 AMERICAN MACHINIST  pg 4    A New Center Grinder.
I shall be excused, I think, for so much apparent repetition in these instructions, because I know that, to those who have had no experience in this class of work, there seems more or less mystery in the use of two copes; but a little thought will over-come all this and the whole thing appear in all its simplicity. To foundries where no pattern makers are employed a knowledge of the methods is indispensable, as it places them (so far as this class of work is con-cerned) on an equal footing with the best equipped firms. To conclude I would say that many in-genious contrivances will suggest them-selves to the moulder engaged on this line of work ; as, for instance, a rough block with bearings for a strickle to work on can be struck off in plaster to any design which runs the same along its whole length ; this can be used as a model and backed out with clay thickness as directed. All such patterns as are shown at Fig. 1 can be treated this way, thereby enabling the moulder to choose either the method ex-plained at Fig, 2 or the one just considered. In fact, this article is but a mere outline of what can be done by these methods ; for when once entered into it will be found that scarcely any limit can be placed to its use fulness.
Good Advice. In the copy of the constitution and by-laws of a mutual benefit association sent us by Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., of Roch-ester, N. Y., is a loose leaf not belonging to the copy referred to. From this leaf we learn that this firm has established a library consisting of books, newspapers, periodicals, etc.. for the use of their employes. On this leaf are printed a few very simple rules to be observed by those making use of the library—rules in which any intention to hedge about the use of the library by annoy-ing conditions is conspicuously absent. Then follows this advice, which is worthy of being given wide publicity. We think nothing better could be got into the same space: "Read something useful every day, if only for a few minutes. gineers. Regular meetings will be held at stated intervals, at which papers will be read and topics relating to foundry practice discussed. Following are the offic, rs of the new society : President, Isaac Wirclaester, of Boston ; vice-presidents, N. Balton of Norwich, Conn., R. H. Palmer, of Provi-dence, R. I. ; secretary, J. P. Pero, Stam-ford, Conn.; treasurer, Frank Gibby, Boston, Mass.; councilors, Frank Davey, Bristol, Conn., Joseph Hennessey, Chicopee Falls, Mass.; managers, J. B. Pero ,'Indian Orchard, Mass.; Jno. Witherell, Florence, Mass.; Thos. King, Meriden, Conn.; J. S. Richardson, Rutland, Vt.; H. B. Murless, Rockville, Conn. The next meeting of the society will be at Worcester, Mass., July 2.
A Good Appointment. Charles A. Bauer, general manager of the Wardner, Bushnell & Glessner Works, at Springfield, Ohio, has been appointed one of the commission( rs of the machinery depart-ment of the forthcoming centennial of Ohio. The officers of the department of machinery should receive credit for appointing a man of Mr. Bauer's well-known mechanical and business ability to this place. Such appoint-ments will go a long way towards establishing confidence in the enterprise, and are in pleas-ing con*rast to those sometimes made for similar purposes. Mr. Robert' E. Masters, well known to our readers, has accepted a new position. The following, from the Richmond Whig, will explain : **Mr. Robert E. Masters has been ap-pointed general superintendent of the Marshall Car Wheel and Foundry Com-pany's plant at Marshall, Texas, and in con-sequence has resigned his position as man-ager of the cast-iron de_ partment of the Tredegar 9 Iron Works, to take effect on the 31st of this month. ‘-‘ As an expert in the mixture of metals and in the management of men and work pertaining to foundry practice, Mr. Masters is said to have no superior. His practical, illustrated articles in the A mEiticAN MA- O States in 1886. We call attention to this fact, because there is nothing in the way measuring is done by ordinary mortals in this country to-day, to remind them of it, and they might lose sight of it. There is always the old difference between leading a horse to water and making him drink.

Something About Chucking Drills. BY FRANK H. RICHARDS. The makers of small machine tools—the successful and established makers — ac-complish a great good for the trade other than that which arises directly from the diffusion of their own products. They do much to raise the general standard of ex-cellence in such articles. The taps and drills and reamers offered ready-made to our hands to-day are so good that even those that we make for ourselves are better than those we would have made or expected twenty years ago. The ideas of the trade are unconsciously enlarged con-tinually, and the criterion of means and of accomplishment becomes more exacting. There are no articles that I think of that are better in their way than the reamers of the best makers. Taps are by no means so satisfactory. Years ago I used to find chuck or chuck-ing drills advertised ; lately I have been looking through a number of trade cata-logues and have not discovered them any-where. I suppose that when they have been offered to the trade there has not been much sale for themlbecause they are such a simple article. Anybody can make a chuck drill, is the general impression ; con-sequently anybody and everybody do make them, and we find them scattered through our shops in every grade of inefficiency. The importance of the chuck drill as a time-saver can scarcely be overstated. In points" of the chuck (bill are unim-portant, and that anything that can be crowded through a hole is good enough, is far from the actual fact. I believe, and am Prepared to maintain, that the chuck drill requires as much care and skill in the mak-ing as most tools, and that to maintain it in good condition and efficiency calls for unusual resolution and vigilance. Chuck drills should generally be used in sets of three. For some small work in clean and true castings two will do very well. The first drill wears much faster than the others, but should be kept sharp and true, as the more it does toward straightening and truing the hole the better it will he for the others, and the more satisfactory the final result. The first drill should do the heaviest cutting, while...............................
&&&&&&&&pic
top

 
pg-6  AMERICAN-MACHINIST-March 20 1886-- 1886 AMERICAN MACHINIST pg 6
 
i' experience in the train ser-vice Of the Pennsylvania Railroad, to learn perfect system and self control, and the value of hardlabor ; by that time he would be anx-iâ–ºus to get back to his original place in the mechanical world, and be determined that his future salvation was in getting to the top of the ladder in mechanical engineering, and getting there quick too.

pg-5   GRUMBLER.
Keeping Boilers Clean. Editor American Machinist : L. F. Lyne gives his experience in the use of kerosene oil in boilers. I myself have tried the crude oil and found it very good in preventing the scaling of boilers, but the best thing I have ever used was the discharge water from a vacuum pan in a sugar house. I ran a pipe from the over-flow tank to my feed pump, and once a day would give the boilers a charge. There is just enough acid in the vapor from the pan to remove the scale, but it will not injure the iron. If this should be seen by any old Cuban engineer, it will call to mind how we used the crude molasses years ago to remove scale, and the consequence when we got too much in boiler; as it would go over into the cylinders, and that meant a stop. R. H. A.

Work Done on Milling Machines.
American Machinist: After reading the article of John J. Grant on uses of milling machines, I want to state my experience with a gang of them used for milling joints for buggy tops. One set of mills last one month, making 600 joints per day, or 15,600 joints per month. Two machines mill the form, each machine milling half the circle, the third slotting the pieces, this being one half the joint ; then these machines make the other half only, the third machine cuts the tontrue. One bov signature ; nothing whatever indicates to whom the catalogue should be addressed. This omission is by no means so uncommon as might be believed. The firm referred to write us that they frequently receive such letters. We receive them at this office every day. As we cannot Pay attention to com-munications unless we know the name of the writer, an average of several hundred each year go to waste. Undoubtedly many applications to manu-facturers for catalogues are unattended to for similar reasons. The moral is : Always give your address. We might add to this : Always sign your name plainly. Most other words can be deciphered, but a name written illegibly will puzzle the most expert.

New 16-Inch Engine Lathe.
The cuts presented herewith show a lathe recently brought out by Nicholson & Water-man, of Providence, R. I. As will be seen by reference to the cut, the lathe is of a neat and substantial design. It is furnished with independent rod and screw feed, and improved friction clutch countershaft. The carriage is gibbed to the bed front and back, has automatic cross feed, simple inch belt, its largest diameter being 11 inches. Change gears are furnished for cutting all pitches from 2 to 24 to the inch, and, by means of an additional stud, threads can be cut up to 48 pitch. The lathe swings over the carriage 11 inches, and with an 8-foot bed takes between centers 4 feet 9 inches. A locking device is provided for the car-riage, by which it is held in position when using the cross-feed. •■■• American vs. English Locomotives. The question of the comparative merits of American and English locomotives seems to be receiving a great deal of attention in England just now, and they seem to be more and more convinced over there that in neutral markets the English cannot success-fully compete with the American locomo-tive, being not only inferior for actual serv-ice, but higher in price. Most of the English writers have attempted to deny or explain away these facts, claim-ing that the English locomotive was really far better, if only people outside of England could be made to see it, and that its higher cost was simply the necessary result of its better construction.

and that in this respect the American loco-motive is far sueprior on account of its bogie, which we call the forward truck. He thinks, also, that the inferiority of the accommodation provided for the engineer tells heavily against the English locomotive in foreign markets, which is undoubtedly true. An engine, having a cab so con-structed as to expose the engineer to un-necessary discomforts, is not so apt to receive his approval as one which is better arranged in this respect, and in the introduc-tion of any machine, it is of prime import-ance that the man who is to manage and care for it should be pleased with it, and that every possible cause of annoyance to him should be avoided. This writer then takes up the argument that has been advanced by some Englishmen, that English workmen must work at smaller wages and longer hours, to reduce the cost of production, and shows that the trouble is not to be remedied in that way, and that the whole fault is with the designer, and not with the workman, since the machine is so made as to involve a great dial of expensive labor which is useless. He says : " The successful working of American locomo-tives proves that the designs on which they are made, the materials of which they are constructed, and the manner in which these are put together, are sufficient for every use-ful purpose; it is therefore by following different designs, by employing unnecessary, expensive materials, and putting them to-gether in an unnecessarily laborious man-ner, that we suffer in commercial competi-tion with Americans in supplying locomo Lives." He mentions the case of a car works there, where " center buffers, coupling with a link, after the American plan, were being made, but of a pattern that involved ten times the amount of labor there is in the ordinary American coupling buffers from which the idea was taken, and the result was an article not as good as the American buffer." Such statements, coming from an English mechanic, are very significant, and are de-cidedly complimentary to American me-

mills last, one month, making 600 joints per day, or 15,600 joints per month. Two machines mill the form, each machine milling half the circle, the third slotting the pieces, this being one half the joint then these machines make the other half only, the third machine cuts the tongue. One boy runs three machines and receives 15 cents per hundred. The mills are sharpened once a week, costing 75 cents to sharpen. Then at the end of one month the mills are an-nealed and worked over. I have two sets of cutters that have been working this way for one year, making nearly 200,000 joints, or 400,000 good pieces, for there are two pieces to one joint, andof course there are some spoiled, which are not counted. Cincinnati. JAS. D. HUBBELL. The Illinois Railroad Commissioners have arrived at a decision respecting the Chatsworth horror, and among other important facts stated in their report is the announcement that " the train would not have been destroyed if the bridge had not burned before the train reached it." Such an elucidation of the matter must be very comforting to those who lost friends in the accident. If one's friends must be crowded into excur-sion trains and run through burning bridges and killed, it is, of course, some consolation to be thus officially informed that if the bridge had not burned until after the train had passed over it, then the train would probably have passed over it in safety.

Mk American coupling buffers from which the idea was taken, and the result was an article not as good as the American buffer." • Such statements, coming from an English mechanic, are very significant, and are de-cidedly complimentary to American me-chanics, and a further illustration of their faculty of adapting means to ends in the best possible manner.

Don't Forget the Signature.
We have received, from a well-known firm of machine tool builders, the following letter, recently received by the firm. We omit date and location : Several mechanics in this city formed a company and got building and site, for a shop, and are going to start in the spring. Please send me your catalogue of lathes, planers, shapers and drills, with discounts for spot cash. We want lathes from 20 to 48 inch swing ; planers, 80x30 to 48x48, platen about 10 to 16 ft. It will be noticed that the only peculiarity in the above letter is the absence of any

NEW 16-INCH ENGINE LATHE.
and substantial apron gearing, and T-slots for fastening on attachments or work to be bored by a bar. The lead screw is of steel, of large diam-eter, and has an improved device for taking up end motion, and an open and shut nut operated by a lever. The spindles are made of hammered steel, the head-stock spindle running in composi-tion bearings, and having a hole 13r inches diameter through its entire length. The front bearing is 4 inches long by 21 inches diameter, the rear bearing being 3.-A- inches long by 1=2 inches diameter. Both of these bearings are ground, and the boxes scraped to a bearing. The foot-stock spindle is 13 inches long, 2 inches diameter, and has a bearing over its entire length. The cone pulley has four steps for a

A correspondent of Engineering,
in a re-cent communication to that journal, how-ever, takes a di fferent view of the matter, andiscandid enough to state things about as they are. lie st arts out by saying : " The fact of the American locomotive, handicapped as it is at present by higher cost of wages and material, and less facilities for ship-ment, being able to enter into and to sus-tain a successful competition in neutral markets with the English locomotive, de-monstrates that it must possess some inher-ent advantages which can hardly be better described than by the word superiority, dis-agreeable as that word may sound to Eng-lish ears when so applied." Ile then goes on to say that English loco-motives are too stiff to go around curves easily, and, as a result, destroy themselves and the road where there are many curves,

The Colliery Engineer has issued an extra sheet,'
giving statistics regarding the production of anthracite and bitumin-ous coal in Pennsylvania during the year 1886. According to the figures, the number of men employed inside the mines was 107,018, and the number outside 48,390 ; a total of 155,408. The production of coal was 61,884,791 tons. In view of the small wages paid at the mines—sixty to ninety cents per day—it is interesting to note that the men were employed less than two-thirds of the time. Regarding the clanger to life, there were in the anthra-cite mines one fatal accident for each 370 persons employed, and one non-fatal accident for each,122. As these figures of killed and wounded include those:, employed outside the mines—where: the danger is much less—as well as those inside, they are not` likely to reassure men whose inclination is to work at coal mining. An example of deterioration in values is shown in the recent sale of the Great Eastern for $100,000. The original cost of the vessel was 31 million dollars, but s was a gigantic failure from the start. building of this ship, however, was of val in demonstrating that there was a limit steamships in the direction of size. Wh those who invested their money in buildi this ship lost heavily in the venture, they can console themselves trith the fact that their loss was not altogether in vain. Their example has been profited by. •11111.• In England there is an early closing bill before Parliament, and public meetings are being held in favor of the movement. Shop girls and clerks, it is said, work from thir teen to fourteen hours per day.

&&&&&&&&& 13 &&&&&&&&&
4. AMERICAN-MACHINIST-1922-page 2 January-5-Vol-56-No 1
4 pic
bott

https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-13-bot-top-Ads.jpeg

5 pic
top


 AMERICAN-MACHINIST-Juine 16 1892 page 6    DECEMBER 31, 1887 AMERICAN MACHINIST

Wood Wagon/Carrage Wheel tendoning-machine.

MARCH 20, 1886]  AMERICAN MACHINIST    Pthe wheel trueing machine
" machinist " to think. For him not to think, is soon to become an unknown quantity, and in a very short time he will be found " help-ing " in the foundry, or a " roustabout" on the river. The experience I spoke of is only one of the many " schemes" devised by the writer, who claims to be no exception unless be that he is slower than his neighbor. 
• 
J" —,er, and babbitt boxes each 6" long, carried on top of a vertical slide, which is raised and lowered by means of a screw and hand-wheel shown _II, fr.,it. The cylinder is 5" square, cast on the shaft, and is provided with T slots on four sides, which admit -f changing the location of the knives to desired location. The length of the head is governed by the kind of work it is to be used for. It is compact, occupying but 3' X4' floor space. Manu-factured by the Garden City Fan Company, Chicago, Ill. 
groove 'ill tilt) ()eatsa the wood I i'"xl r 1,4, 1'1+('(+i \'(+ hemp, pia it, oil iny rod, screwed up the nut and had as good a head as any one wood want for a short time. 
Another piece of oak 1" thick did duty for a cylin-der-head, and was ready to " run " an hour before noon. Of course all hands were pleased when the engine moved off nicely and did its work well. But I reckon Mr. Owner must had some communication with Prof. Sweet, for his remarks proved it: " Pshaw ! we could have done that ourselves." HARRY HART. 
New Wood-Working Tools. 
The power mortising machine which we illustrate, has a frame cast in one piece. It is r .ed with two tables, one of which is and the other compo(md ; the work 
MACHINE F. 
 
The Theory of Gas Engines. 
EXTRACTS FROM A TREATISE ENTITLED, ' NOU-VELLES RECHERCHES SUR LES CONDITIONS PRACTIQUES DE PLUS GRANDE UTILISATION DE LA CHALEUR ET EN GENERAL DE LA FORCE MOTRICE," BY M. BEAU DE ROCHAS. 
When the tracing point is any ordinary When we examine what takes place in the point on the roller, the curve traced will be ai combustion chamber of a gas-fired boiler, we right angles*tO the pitch curve, but when it are struck with the enormous volume which is the pole of a spiral' it may cross at an gases raised to a high temperature attain. If angle. Fig. 22. tl4e combustion, , on the other hand, takes 
Although rolled onrves and odontoids -are N constantivolume, the dilation w;" identical, they cannot readily be consideredc`.-4 6v7r-' 1-s, an the same, .for the eycif)ia  - 
14, galtio41 at home, fled 414► rool dolidota smiying " I learned drawing by tho kitchoil II. 1,1.1.0 are a number of person Nvlio do sire to study let them club toget10 and start a drawing school of their own. Lot them ac-
quire a book treating upon the subject ; pro-vide themselves with a room where they can w6rk undisturbed, and begin the work at the beginning by learning to draw lines and curves ; to erect perpendiculars ; to lay off angles, and to construct squares, triangles, and polygons. Let them begin at the very beginning, and not try to " know a thing before they learn it.'! Become accustomed to handling the tool 

The only place to use silicon iron is in a mixture deficient in silicon. For machinery castings, which should con-tain about one and one-half per cent. of sili-bon, mottled and low grades of gray found-ry pig-iron may be used, and if more silicon is needed, a little No. 2 or No. 1 may be added, it being an easy matter to keep up the silicon, or very close gray, and even white pig-iron and burned scrap may be used, if the required percentage of silicon is restored by additions of No. 1 pig, or by silicon pig-iron. A difference of opinion exists as to the number of brands of pig-iron to be used at one time. It is impossible to run a blast furnace regularly. The silicon varies considerably in the pigs made from one cast, and a furnace is likely to go wrong at any time. It is impossible to refuse iron made at such times, if it were possible to determine when the iron was not such as was purchased. It is therefore best to use a variety of makes of pig-iron in makin3 up a mixture ; the greater the variety th02tter. Then any temporary variation in one or two of the irons will not materially influence the castings. It is sometimes claimed by the blast furnace manager that it is better for him to make a proper mixture of ores in the furnace, so as to produce exactly the iron desired, and sell the iron on a guaranteed analysis, and not trust to the foundry-man's judgment as to what a mixture should be. It would be a good idea for all furnace men to produce this kind of iron if they are able to do,so, but as their furnace may go back on 'item several times in a week, it is better to have several brands of such irons mixI together, for the reasons just given, If any variation should then occur to influence the castings, a s all addition of silicon pig will set all right t once. 
friction gearing, I had a good bit of experi-ence in dealing with both paper and wood friction gearing. At first the turning of the wheels was a very tedious and unsatisfactory process. Tools containing in one form or another the different ideas shown in your ast few issues by as many correspondents were tried, and found so glaringly inade-
not tell from your description, exactly how the device is made, but I inclose a sketch of a device which will evidently accomplish the same purpose as the one patented, viz., to continually resist the motion of the • rib-bon as it is wound upon the other spool. You say in regard to this, " But, of course, if it will continually resist motion more than 
his old machines for less than $800, while, as a matter of fact, the maker of the old machine had reduced his prices, and would have sold him one for $600. This incident caused that manufacturer to discontinue the printing of prices of machine tools in his catalogue, "making it necessary for all wise men [as one of my associates somewhat roughly expressed it] to take time and use a two-cent stamp to procure quotations, because fools would persist in using old catalogues." Another phase of this peculiarity is the failure to ascertain or bear in mind that you are making new lines of tools. Such a man will say to you, " I did not think that you made shapers, although, now you speak of it, I think I have heard so. At the time I bought my shaper I had you firmly fixed in my mind as a maker of planers. I am sorry I did not know you made shapers, for, while I have a good tool, I always liked your planers best in the market, and perhaps I would have had the same opinion of your shapers." But perhaps the most provoking mani-festation of the peculiarity of these sure-you-never-make any-change kind of men, is their belief that you never make any improvements in the articles you mauu-facture. They have used a tool for a good many years, and are convinced that that is your standard, and the first thing you know they will buy one of another make, because it has features which your old one did not have, while, as a matter of fact, these improvements were perhaps originated by you, and are embodied in your present machines. As I have intimated, these men in other respects are sensible, oftentimes being good mechanics and good manufacturers. The trouble is due chiefly to thoughtlessness or carelessness, and so I would urge your younger readers in particular to form the habit lof looking. over the entire field when they desire to be posted, or to make pur-chases. I beg that they may not compare an old catalogue of one maker with the new one of another, or, under similar circum-stances, an old tool with a new one. All 

The Truing Machine. 
When tires are carriage or wago apt, especially whe 
runk on to the felloes of wheels, they are very the work s done hasti-

TIRE TRUING MACHINE. 
quate that a little extra mental steam was put on and a tool evol ved which was a thing of beauty and a joy to the turner. A glance at the accompanying sketch will show the tool referred to. A represents the butt end of a common lathe tool with a hole drilled in say 1f" longitudinally. indicates the cutting tool, which consists of a button of about 1" diameter, having a nicely turned shank fitted to occupy and re-
that due to its friction, it would produce motion in the opposite direction, and it is nothing more than a perpetual motion de-vice, pure and simple." There are dozens of ways of effecting a resistance to continued movement in one di-rection by means of weights, none of which will make more than one-half revolution in an opposite direction if left to themselves. The inclosed sketch represents one of them, 


 

&&&&&&&& 13 &&&&& &&&&&& 14 &&&&&&&&&
4. AMERICAN-MACHINIST-1922-page 2 January-5-Vol-56-No 1

https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/1887-American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-14-top-Ads.jpeg https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-14-bot-Ads.jpeg https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-16-top-Ads.jpeg https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-16-bot.jpeg

4 pic
bott

https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-14-bot-Ads.jpeg

pg 14 pic
top

pg-7  AMERICAN-MACHINIST-June 16 1892   page 7    AMERICAN MACHINIST
 

PUBLISHED WEEKLY 
BY American Machinist Publishing Co. 
HORACE B. MILLER, Pres't. JACKSON BAILEY, Vice-Pres't. LYCURGITS B. IVIooRE, Treas. and Sec'y. 96 Fulton Street, New York. 
JACKSON BAILEY, HORACE B. MILLER, Editor. 
Business Manager. 
F. F. HEMENWAY, Mechanical Engineer. 
The American News Company, Publishers' Agents, New York. The International News Company, 11 BOUVERIE STREET, Fleet Street, LONDON, ENG., will receive subscriptions for the AMERICAN MACHIN-IST, at 14/7 per annum, postage paid. 
DEALERS SUPPLIED BY The American News Company, New York. The American News Company, Denver, Col. The American News Company, Kansas City, Mo. The American News Company, Omaha, Neb. The American News Company, St. Paul, Minn. The New York News Company, New York. The National News Company, New York. The New England News Company, Boston, Mass. The Central News Company, Philadelphia, Pa. The Western News Company, Chicago, Ill. The St. Louis News Company, St. Louis, Mo. The Cincinnati News Company,Cincinnati, Ohio. The Detroit News Company, Detroit, Mich. The Pittsburgh News Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. The Baltimore News Company, Baltimore, Md. The Rhode Island News Company. Providence, R.I. The San Francisco News Co., San Francisco, Cal. The Brooklyn News Company, Brooklyn, N. Y. The Williamsburg News Co., Brooklyn, E. D., N. Y. The Newark News Company, Newark, N. J. The Northern News Company, Troy, N. Y. The Albany News Company, Albany, N. Y. The Washington News Company,Washington, D. C. The New Orleans News Company, New Orleans, La. The Montreal News Company, Montreal, Canada. 'rho Toronto News Co., Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Toronto News Co., Clifton Branch, Clifton, On-tario, Canada. 
SUBSCRIPTION. $2.50 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States and Canada. $8.50 a year to Foreign Countries, postage prepaid. ADVERTISING. Transient, 35c. per line, each insertion. "Business Specials," 50c. a lino. 

 we wilt neither publish anythinil Ia_AM  ER' CA_1

 
One Way to Improve Steam-engine Economy. 
Improvement in the steam-engine for the past fifty years has consisted mainly in put-ting into practice what was already known to be desirable. In this, as in most other affairs, it was found to be one thing to know what was desirable, and another thing to ac-complish it. Better plans of construction have rendered the use of high steam-pressure and high piston-speed more common, and these, with better workmanship and careful attention to details, have brought about better economy. Considered as a machine, recent improvements in the steam-engine have been important. Undoubtedly there is room for further improvements in these directions—there is no such thing as standing still—but the ground has been so well covered that nothing radical is to be expected, except it come from the establishment of new and important facts in the science of steam engi-neering, and from a direction not now very obvious. Improvements in tools and ma-chinery for doing good work cheaply have had much to do with improving the construc-tion of the steam-engine, not only by affording the means for doing so, but frequently by pointing out the direction for improvement. Aside from this, the introduction of better instruments for, and better methods of, meas-uring effect has been important. But steam engineering embraces not only the designing and construction of steam-engines and boilers, but their management, as well, and here there is room for general pro-gress in the direction of better economy. If not a new field, it is one that has not been as extensively cultivated as it ought to be. Users of steam-engines are, owing to long and persistent effort, fairly well educated in the economy of paying for good design and construction ; but they do not to the same ex-tent appreciate the value of good manage-ment. Sometimes they are, so it seems, of the opinion that there is not much in the way of economy in the every-day management of a steam plant, except what is comprised in stopping and starting, and in keeping up the motion for the required number of hours ; their interest ceases after hiring an engineer just eom potent f(?r this duty, or employing a , a‘tont etigInewr who finds no (.0 OpiTIL 
• [MARCH 20, 18s6 
probable that in many instances they would find something startling in the difference. Further investigation would sometimes re-veal incompetence in the engine-room ; but, perhaps, oftener the cause would be found in their own refusal to second the efforts of a competent engineer. Either would be about equally fatal to good economy. Not that the every-day economy of a motive plant is likely to equal that of a closely conducted test of the same engines and boilers, but the latter shows the possibility that may be closely ap-proximated. To insure that the best at-tainable results are being obtained, it is abso-lutely essential that comparisons be readily made. This has been provided for by modern science and common sense, and to fail to make use of what is thus provided is to put to one side one of the best known means of securing economy. When, as is often the case, the results of actual practice are about fifty per cent. those of a fairly conducted test there is good reason to look for some-thing wrong. But means of easily making comparisons must be provided if any advan-tage is to be taken of the experience of others. Economy in motive power is made up of small things, and observations must be specific as well as general. When the operation of the motive plant gets outrageously bad, an expert is called in to straighten matters out. But this is not until after a good deal of waste. When it is done, the cost of discovering the trouble, to say nothing of the cost of the remedy, is likely to be more than that of previously supplying the engineer with such things as he required, and by reasonable encouragement making an ex-pert of him, ready to suggest preventives in-stead of costly remedies. The interests of manufacturers call for economical motive power, and a very apparent direction for improvement in this respect is through the engine-room. We hear a great deal of the need of skilled workmen in other branches, and but little of the need of skilled engineers, yet economy in manufacture must begin in the engine-room. Engineers must to a greater extent than most other workmen educate themselves ; they ought to be afforded every reasonable opportunity for doing so. Not out of any sentiment, but because it is policy to do so. Whenever this is (lone we hiLvo novor heard vomidailit that It did 
Territorial Limits of Natural Gas. 
Among later developments of the natural gas boom are published statements that " pay-ing " wells have been discovered, and are being " worked " in a number of towns as far removed from the original centers of pro-duction as Central and Northwestern Ohio. We believe, also, that equally confident claims are made for some Southern towns. If the published statements of the new " finds " are well based, it would seem that the territorial limits of the natural gas " fields " are not yet very well defined, or with present knowledge of the subject capable of very close defini-tion. 
A New Railroad Brake. 
It is not often that a really great invention is born of what a lawyer would call " malice aforethought." A Virginia inventor is living proof that such an exception may occur. In a local paper he publishes an advertisement highly laudatory of an automatic railroad brake, which he has " discovered " and pat-ented, but omits to publish any explanation of its construction or the principle on which it acts. In the published card, he says he was standing at the " station " as a freight train went by, and noticed that the brakeman tried to stop the train, but found some difficulty in doing so immediately. The future inventor thereupon remarked to some gentlemen present that he proposed to get up an automatic brake, which would stop the train without " all that trouble." He now announces that, after four years of hard study and almost sleepless nights, he has accomplished his object, and closes by ex-pressing his hope that railroad managers will examine his " patent right " at once, that they may " relieve the poor, worn-out, rest-broken and frozen brakemen;" his " greatest desire " being to see them released from their exposure and sufferings. His next greatest is not stated, but it is to be hoped that rail-road managers will be willing to gratify it, if it is shown to their mechanical satisfaction that our Virginia friend's claim for his inven-tion are as well based 1LH w„ think, however, Hint. toast, riiilr11a1l mitiingorti 
• • • • 

Se/

*************************************************************************

SUPPLIES FROM RANT PRESSURE
eapest power known. able for b o wing h Organs, running ng Presses, Sewing es in Households, gLathes Scroll rindstones, Coffee Sausage Machines, Cutters, Electric Elevators, etc. It little room, no firing el,ashes, repairs, en-., explosion, or delay, ,ra insurance, no coal Is noiseless, neat, act, steady ; will work ir pressure of water 15 lb. ; at 40 lb. pres-ELS 4-horse power, and sty up to 10-horse 1 for circular to HYDI the ch Invalu Churn Printi Machin Turnii Saws, Mills, Feed Lights, needs up, fu gineer no ext bills. cutups at an above sure h, pad power. Prices from $15 to $300,caSenc

TEE BURIN WATER MOTOR CO,, Newark, N. J. Iron and Steel DROP FORGING Of Every Description, at Reasonable Prices. THE R. A. BELDEN 00„ DANBURY, CT. MANUFACTURER OF

E. A. WALKER, Manufacturer, 75 Laurel St., Philadelphia, Pa. Nifty •AT•EvERY•E 10.351f ION LOGUES•ON•APPLICATION H EA c) e. Ft 5, POINTEFtj RRIAGE•BOLT MACHINERY • AT C. NUT 8,WAsHER TAPPERS OF EVERY StIll WIRE•NAIL SPECIALISTS FU rU RN I 5 -rilENTY06t,-ICK1.-s-Tri.•Pkwi-5 _ ,THE u S •ilittifiTIONALlieltaY CO TIFFIN 01110,U•5 No more trouble with Loose Pulleys. ORMSBY'S PATENT SELF-LUBRI-CATED PULLEY BEARING settles the business. Can be used on old or new shafts, and in any position. Send for circular and price list. GLOBE LOOSE PU LLEYCO. Covington, Ky. 1111,1111",1,1 BORING AND TURNING MILLS. LAKE VILLAGE, N. H.

OSGOOD DREDGE CO., Albany, N, Y. RALPH R. OSGOOD, Pres. JAMES H. BLESSING, Vice-Pres. JOHN K. HO WE, Secretary and Treasurer. MANUFACTURERS OF Dredges, Excavators, Ditching Machines, Derricks, Etc, It plate part o shifti install Combined Steam Excavator and Derrick Car. L. 8. STARRETT,

Manufacturer of FINE TOOLS ATHOL, MASS. SEND FOR FULL LIST. Planers in Stock. One 36" x 36" x 9'. One 42" x 36" x 12'. Two 48" x 48" x any desired travel. One 42" x 42" x any desired travel. The above are held at very Low Prices. The Newark Machine Too Works, NEWARK, N. J.

**************************************************** Section of Copper-Wire-Sewed Light Double Belting, specially adapted to use on cone pulleys and other hard places. Manufactured by the PACE BELTNC CO., concord, N. H. Also manufacturers of Staple and Special Grades of Leather Belting and the HERCULES Lacing. Send for Catalogue No. 2.

**************************************************** RICE AUTOMATIC CUT-OFF ENGINE Ass OIL ENGINES. For Printers, Steam Yachts, pumping water, sawing wood, making ice-cream,Carpenters, Mechanics. 1 to 5 H. P. Fuel, Kerosene. No duA. Auto-matic in fuel and water sup-ply. Illustrated Catalogue free. Mention AMERICAN MA-CHINIST. SHIPMAN ENGINE CO., 92 Pearl St., Boston, Mass. KORTING GAS ENGINE. 12 Sizes, 1 to 60 EL P.

**************************************************** Satis-faction uaran-teed. Thousands in use in Europe, & 36 engines running in N. Y. City. KortingGas Engine Co., Ld. 60 Barclay St. New York. Self-Contained. Sensitive Governor. Balanced Valve. High Speeds. Stationary Oilers. Best Economy. Gold Medal Cincinnati Exposition, 1884. THE JOHN T. NOME MFG. CO., T-T3E1UP.13.31,C4, IV. Ir. THE Mtn ERIE, PA. ENGINE CO"

****************************************************9************************************************* PORTABLE AND STATIONARY ENGINES and BOILERS
Send for Catalogue and Prices. PORTER-HAMILTON ENGINE. II FOR HEAVY WORK & LARGE POW-. ERS. EXTRA HEAVY DESIGN.
Send for Catalogue. WILLIAM TOD & CO.04. YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO. 75 Portable and Stationary Steam End piles and Boilers, both new and second-hand, in a great variety of sizes, from 2 to 75 H. P. Steam Poll er and Drainage Pumps for all kinds of duty. One second-hand Portable steam Saw Mill, one large second-band Punching Press. Shafting, Pulleys, Hangers and Belting. Parties in need of Machinery will do well to correspond with us for prices. S. L. HOLT & CO., 67 Sudbury Street, BOSTON, M C

&&&&&&&&&&&& 15 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
15. AMERICAN-MACHINIST-11887-page 15-Dec-31

15 https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/1887-American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-15-top.jpeg top:20450 15 https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-15-bot-Ads.jpeg top:21050 16 https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-16-top-Ads.jpeg top:17990 16 https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-16-bot.jpeg top:18660

4 mid bt pics 15 pic
bott

https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-15-bot-Ads.jpeg

pg 14 pic
top

pg-10  AMERICAN-MACHINIST-Oct 3 1887  AMERICAN MACHINIST 

AMERICAN MACHINIST NEW TANGYEJ BUCKEYE AUTOMATIC1 CUT-OFF ENGINES In Use, Over 1,000. 25 to 1,000 H. P. These engines are the combined result of long ex-perience with automatic cut-off regulation, and most careful revision of all details. They are designed and constructed for heavy and continuous duty at medium or high rotative speeds. Highest attainable Economy in Steam Consumption and superior regulation guar-' anteed. Self-contained Automatic Cut-off Engines --- 12 to 109 H. P. for driving Dynamo Machines a specialty. Illustrated Circulars, with various data as to practical Steam Engine construction and performance, free by ----- mail- Address, BUCKEYE ENGINE CO., Salem, Ohio. SALES AGENTS • W. L. SIMPSON, 138107,ffinTBRUBIgilGi. lilt.aViiilstr8700111,trrglittioiln tiJnac4sonfits., Chicago, Ill.• KENSINGTON ENGINE WORKS, LIMITED, PHILADELPHIA. 4 Sole ensues and for Itew-hrseir(South orTienton):Easteiii:PennsiliinirDelaiire, Marylanifanc"-rfilli—nia. E ALBANY STEAM TRAP CO.'S BUCKET AND GRAVITATING TRAPS_ Automatically drain the water of condensation from HEATING COILS and return it to the boilers, whether the coils are above or below the water level in boiler, doing away with pumps and other mechanical devices for such purposes. Send also for Circulars of Blessing's Renewable-Seat Stop and ('heck Valves, Pump Governors, and Water Circulator and Purifier. Albany Steam Trap Co. A,41.31(7 MANUFACTURERS OF x STEAM ENGINES PULL vaati..11' Sizes Varying from 30 to 20:0 Horse Power. Horizontal or Vertical, Direct Acting or Beam, Condensing,Non-Condensing or Compound. Send for Circular. TIANTS SLED. evsralic Gravitating. "OTTO" GAS ENGINE WORKS SCHLEICHER, SCHUMM & CO., 33d and Walnut Sts. GINE TUBULAR BOILERS. GEO•R•BARNARD • AGENT - Branch Office, 130 Washington St. PHILADELPHIA. CHICAGO. OVER 25,000 ENGINES IN USE. "GUARANTEED Erigine doing Eclipse Corliss Engine. Non-Condensing, Condensing, Compound, 40 TO 1,000 H.P. Send for Circulars. E.P, HAMPSON & CO 36 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORK, Sole Eastern Agents. M. J. TIERNEY, FRICK COMPANY, Builders, WAYNESBORO, PA. 20 NORTH CANAL A. GENUINE " COIRMISS." STREET, CHICAGO, WESTERN, AGENT. CRANK PLANERS Superior Design & Workmanship, Extra Heavy (1600 lbs.) PATENT UNIVERSAL SCREW-CUTTING CEBITER D. EPT4IKAIGalEC 46,_TWIST DRILL GAUGE. Fine Machinists' Tools.—E. Boston, Mass—Send for Oircular obertWhiteht11,4/47,3Gz-FN" Op MANU MPRoVFC X Y. P0- VALVE SAAGXAt. 0 _ 1111110,, ' STATIONARY BOILERS. 40 TO 1,000 H.P. Send for Circulars. E.P.HAMPSCN&CO 36 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORK, Sole Eastern Agents, NOMIiiiii01111.. M. J. TIERNEY, 20 NORTH CANAL A. GENUINE " CORLISS." STREET, CHICAGO, WESTERN, AGENT. CRANK PLANERS Superior Design Workmanship, Extra Ileavy (1500 ibS.) DOWN, ANGULAR AND CROSS-FEED, TO PLANE 12x16x15. THE R. A. BELDEN CO., DANBURY, CT. Brain's Piston Ring Packing 7---* Perfectly balanced against un-due pressure in all directions. Preserves bothcylinder and rings. Allows no waste by either fric-tion or leakage. Call and see working model, expressly made to demonstrate advantage s claimed. For packing or shop rights, address JAMES BRANDON, 390 Eleventh Ave., New York. Machine Tools. New and Second-hand, on Hand. t2 in.x6 ft. Engine Lathe, new 13 in.x6 ft. 64 Ames, 14 in.x6 ft. Si Blaisdell, 66 16-20 m..x.6-8-10 4t 12 ft. Bridgeport TV' if 16 in.x6 Blaisdell, 18 in.x8 ft. " Blaisdell, 66 24 in.x10-14 dc 20ft. " Ames, fif 23 in. x,, -12 & 14 1-2 ft." Bridgeport, 66 24 in.x16 ft. New Haven, good order. 30 in.x14 ft. if W. and L. pattern, new. 39 in x 15 ft. Eng. Lathe Lowell, 54 in.x30 ft. Engine Lathe, Niles, good as new 16 in.x42 in. Planer Bridgeport, new. 22 in.x4 ft, 46 Pease, new. 22 in.x6 ft. 46 Powell, 22 in.x5 ft. g 6 Hendey, new. 26 in.x5 ft. ' Biglow, good. 26 in.x7 ft. Brettell, new. 30 in.x7 ft ii New Haven, fair. 30 in.x8 ft. " Hewes & Phillips, new. 30 in.x10 ft. 6 f Powell. 12 in. Shaper, Traveling Head, new. 1.2 in. ' Hewes & Phillips, 13 in. Stroke, 9 ft. Bed, Tray. Head Shaper, Barr, A 1. 24 in. Shaper, Bridgeport, 24 in. " Wolcott, 32 in. Drill, Bickford, A 1. No. 1 Screw Machine, Wire Feed, Pratt & Whitney 16-18-20-23 25-28-34 in. Drills. 30 in. Radial Drill. No. 5 Screw Machine. Jones & Lamson. No. 2 Die Sinker, Pratt & Whitney. new. Center Bolt Cutter, new. 5 in Cutting Off Machine. Star. Merrill Drops, 800 lbs. good order. Bement 2250 lb. Steam Hammer. Milling Machines, Screw Machines, Slate Sensitive Drills. Gang Drills, and full line of all kinds of Machine Tools. Send for list and specify what is wanted. new. E. P. 13TJ31_41...A.1113, 72 Warren Street and 62 .illege Place, New York. PATENT UNIVERSAL SCREW-CUTTING CENTER DEPTHKV1 ANGLEc AND J. „TWIST DRILL GAUGE. Fine Machinists' Tools.—E. Boston, Mass—Send for Circular To Buyers of Engine Lathes We are now making from entirely new designs, extra heavy 17", 19", 21", 24" and 27" Engine Lathes (the most popu-lar sizes), of which we are making a ripecialty, and manufacturing in lots 01 not legs thapt1100 at a time. We make no charge for extras. Every lathe is furnished with hollow spindle ; the 19" with lx" hole, and 21' with 17/6" hole. Every lathe has substantial com-pound rest,heavy tool post (bar steel), rest to turn full swing, following rest with adjustable jaws to take any size from 234' down, with extra tool for shafting. Full set of gears to cut from 2 to 18 threads including 113 pipe thread. Automatic stop on carriage. Separate screw and rod feed, and the most substantial and easily managed taper attachment made. Cones and gears of large diam-eter and wide belt. Studs, screws and small gears are steelor gunmetal. Webbed live heads, heavy tail stocks. No worm or worm gears, no weak reverse plate. Perfect lubrication for all running parts, including carriage. Lead screw inside of shear, double nut (cut from solid), and taking hold of car-riage directly under the line of strain. Friction counter-shaft, the most dura-ble made. Our prices are reasonable for cash, and from which no deviation will be made. Our written guarantee accompanies every lathe. GUARANTEE. We guarantee this lathe to be equal in workmanship, truth, accuracy, solidity, Material and finish, to the best made, and hold ourselves legally liable for this guarantee. LODGE, DAVIS & CO. MANUFACTURERS Machine Tools, 169, 161, 163 and 165 EGGLESTON AVE., 06. 138,146, 148, 150.152, 154 E. 6th St, CINCINNATI, OHIO. (See our advertisement on last page.) 0-9° SLIDE VALVE F...1A STATIONARY BOILERS, GENERAL MACHINERY, %ON A"I \\AG5 ND BRASS CP-- 0-1ORK Oppic Room 6, COAL AND /RON EXCHANGE, COELCORTLANDT &CHURCH ST. JOHN MCLARJEN, BUILDER OF STEARNS MTG. COMPANY, ERIE, PA-ENGINES from 15 to 400 Horse Power. Boilers of Steel and Iron supplied tho trade or the user. Send for Catch goes. SAW MILLS and GENERAL MACHINERY. Works at Eft fE, PA. New York Store, 40 Cortlandt Street, SMITH A BARNHURST, - - MANAGERS. NO BOILER. NO STEAM. NO DANGER. FUEL, CRUDE PETROLEUM One New Putnam Screw Cutting O$ Engine Lathe, 36" Swing, 15' KEROSENE. Bed. CORM Engines, AIR Compressors and BOILERS. 11013011.EN, N. J. HILL, CLARE & 156 to 164 Oliver St., BOSTON, MASS. W0BEING Manila ON HUD, Adams & Richards Machine Co. New Brunswick, N. J. as they must be moved before Jan. 1. One Second-Hand Putnam Screw Cutting Engine Lathe, 42" Swing, 14' Bed. Both these Lathes will be sold low,

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&& 16 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 15 https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/1887-American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-15-top.jpeg top:20450 15 https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-15-bot-Ads.jpeg top:21050 https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-16-top-Ads.jpeg top:17990 https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-16-bot.jpeg top:18660

pg 16 pic 0000
bott

***********************************************************************************************************

https://antiquemachinery.com/images-1887/American-Machinist-1887-Dec-31-pg-15-bot-Ads.jpeg

pg 14 pic
top
***************************************************************************************************

Nine  AMERICAN-MACHINIST-June-16-1892    page 9 AMERICAN MACHINIST
-

JUNE 16, 1892] AMERICAN MACHINIST 9 
(253) A. S. S., Wilkes-Barre, Pa., writes : Will you kindly explain in your Question and Answer columns, why some authorities give the formula for the deflection of an I beam loaded at the center: D = 36TVla E 
and others give 
D — W 13  48 E 
in which D = deflection in inches ; W = load in pounds ; 1 = span in feet ; E =- modulus of elasticity; and I moment of in-ertia of section B D' — 2 b da ; see sketch. 
12 A.—In the first formula the length 1 is taken in feet ; in the second formula the same 

4 
length is taken in inches. In finding the moment of inertia, the dimensions of the section are taken in inehes for both formulas. Under these conditions the same result will be obtained with either formula. 
(254) C. E. K , Watertown, N. Y., writes : Inclosed please find sketch of a lever with a bearing on each side. Kindly give formulas for designing a lever of this kind when the force applied at one end is given. I have several good books, but they do not give full directions for laying out a lever of this kind. I think full directions for designing such would be appreciated by the mechanics who read your Question mod Answer columns. The length of the lever, position of fulcrum is given, and the force applied at one end, and that transmitted at the other is also given in the sketch. What is wanted is how to de-termine all the dimensions of the lever, size of pins, and the shearing stress on them. I am aware that the above request will require considerable of your valuable time and space in your columns, but I feel sure that others beside myself will thank you for publishing such useful information. A.—For simplicity, we will assume that the lever is perfectly plain, that is, without hubs or holes; this re-duces the lever to a simple beam supported t lu ends with at concentrated load between the supports. We further simplify the sub-.. I... it— it ldivot. 


when b is known. The ratio between the depth and breadth is arbitrary; let us decide to make b = I inch, then, according to form-ula (3), we have 2.600 X 24 = 2,000 x.75 x d2 62,400 = 1,500 X d2 hence 62,400  _ d2 = 41.6. 1,500 The square root of 41.6 is 6.44, say 61 inches, for the depth d of lever at the section through x y. The depth at the end of the lever should be equal to one-half of the depth, at x y; hence at the end the lever will be 31 inches deep, and the same depth will be required at the opposite end. The shearing stress on the pin N is equal to the sum of the forces acting at the ends of the lever plus its weight, the lat-ter we shall neglect; hence we have 2,600 + 10,400 = 13,000 pounds for the shearing stress on two sections of the pin; therefore one section will have to resist 6,500 pounds. For safety we may allow a shearing stress of 10,000 pounds per square inch; this gives us  6,500 10,000 = .65 square inches for cross section of the pin, the corresponding diameter is la inch nearly. But generally in practice we have to increase this diameter so as to reduce the wear in the bearings, or prevent heating. In many cases we should not have a greater pi ess-e than 1,500 pounds per square inch of pro-jected area; frequently this pressure has to be less; let us, however, assume that the pressure must not exceed 1,500 pounds, and that the diameter of the pin and the length a of the bearing are to be equal to each other. The total pressure on the end or journal _N of the pin we have found to be 6,500 pounds; hence its projected area (which is equal to, the length a multiplied by the diameter) is 500 equal to 6,= 4.33 square inches; now 1,500 since the length a is to be equal to the diam-eter, we have A/ 4.33 = 2.08, say 2 inches for the diameter of the pin ; but drilling a 2-inch hole through the lever will weaken it to some extent; this loss of strength must be made up by the hub; we have therefore now to find the breadth B of the hub. To find this breadth we again apply formula (1), but now we have to deal with a cross-section at x y like that shown in Fig. 2. The moment of inertia 1 of a cross-section of this form is b' (118 — A'), and the y alue of c in formula 12 (1) is now H; hence formula (1) takes the following form : W X 1= SXBX (H3 — h3); (4) 12 X H adopting again a value 12,000 for S formula (4) reduces to 

 qvm_we have 2'600 = 1.73 square inches for the 1,500 projected area, and t/1.73 = 1.31 inches for the diameter of the pin and width of hub. At the other end of the lever we have a force of 10,400 pounds acting upon it, and if the pin in this end is also loose, and the pressure per square inch is not to exceed 1 500 pounds, 10,400 then we have 10,= 6.93 square inches 1,500 for the projected area of the pin in the hub; if the breadth of the latter is to be 4 inches, then the diameter of the pin will have to be 6.93   = 1.73 inches. 4 _  

line. In Fig. 1, take any point m on f h, and through it draw a line m p parallel to a, 0, cutting the resultant in the point p ; through p draw a line p a parallel to d1 0, cutting g i in the point v. Join m and n by a straight line. Through 0, in Fig. 3, draw 0 e parallel to m 7 cutting a, d1 in the point e; then a1 e will represent the magnitude of the reaction f h, and e d1 will represent the magnitude of the reaction g i. The construc-tion of Figs. 2 and 4 is similar to that of Figs. 1 and 3; the position of the letters is such as to make the foregoing explanation applicable in this case. The result of the construction is that b3 d2 drawn through the point 1, parallel to b1 d1, and both equal in length, gives the required resultant; f h parallel and equal in length to e b1 gives the reaction of the left support; and ,q i, parallel and equal in length to e d, , gives the reaction of the right support. Of course it is assumed that all the forces act in each construction in one plane. Transmit Advertisements 50 cents a line for each insertion under this head. About seven words make a line. Copy should be sent to reach us not later than Saturday morning for the eneuing week's UM. 
Grant Gear Wheels, Gear Cutting, page 20. Shafting Straighteners. J. II. Wells, Tampa, Fla. Ideal Drawing Stands. M. C. Hammett, Troy, N.Y. Forming Lathes, Mer. Mach.Tool Co., Meriden, Ct. A. D. Pentz, Consulting. Tools. Etizabeth, N. J. Tool Holder: Armstrong Bros. Tool Co., Chicago. See Randall's new Adv., page 11. "Bradley's Power Hammers. the best in the world." 20 sizes. Bradley & Co., Syracuse, N. Y. The Improved Justice Hammer. Williams, White & Co., Moline, Ill., manufacturers. Pattern and Brand Letters. A variety of sizes and styles. Heber Wells, 8 Spruce St., New York. Davis Key-Seating Machines kept In stock by Manning, Maxwell ,St Moore, 1l1 Liberty St., N. Y. Selden Packing for stuffing box, with or without rubber core. Ranaolph Brandt, 38 Cortlandt St., N.Y. S. A. Smith 23 S Canal St., Chicago, Ill., is agent for Holbrook's new loaded rawhide mallets. "Boiler Tests lay Balms." Get sample pages from Gowing & Co., Mason Building, Boston, Mass. Guild & Garrison. Brooklyn, N. Y., manufacture steam pumps, vacuum pumps, vacuum apparatus, air pumps, acid blowers, filter press pumps, etc. For the Latest Improved Diamond Prospecting Drill, address the M. C. Bullock Mfr. Co., cor. Canal and Washington Sts., Chicago, Ill. S. W. Card & Co., Mansfield, Mass., are putting on the market a new line of stocks and dies. with their patent adjustab,e dies and guide. S. A. Smith, 23 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ll., Western Agent. { 25" " Only Drill Press built on 32" ' Ko-rekt ' principles, 37" Even if they come from Jersey." 42'' Gould & Eberhardt, New Ark. N. J. --------

ment, the BROWN & SHARPE M'F.G. Co. has made many new varieties of Milling Cutters, and in order to supply the wants of customers, has found it necessary to greatly increase the number carried in stock. The Involute Gear Cutters in stock are from 3 to 48 pitch, 8 cutters to each pitch The Epicycloidal are from 2 to 10 pitch, 24 to e ac g


• 

.

&&&&&&&&& 16 &&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

g


Pg-11  AMERICAN-MACHINIST-Oct 3 1886 page 11 AMERICAN MACHINIST

AMERICAN MACHINIST DECEMBER 31, 1887 I3B ROWN AND SHARP MANUFACTURING_Call.MING PROVIDENCE, R. I., U. S. A. FINE MACHINERY, TOOLS OF PRECISION. THE PRATT & WHITNEY CO., Manufacture LATHES of Various Sizes AND OF THE FOLLOWING RINDS Hand, Engine for Turning and Screw Cutting, Cutting 011, Gap Bed, Pulley Turning and Boring, Turret-Head Engine and Chucking, Hand Wheel, him Turning, Spinning, Grinding, Pattern Making, &c. re- PRICE LIST AND DISCOUNT SHEET SENT UPON APPLICATION. INVOLUTE GEAR CUTTER. SIDE MILLING CUTTER. FORMED CUTThil Coincident with the rapid and wide extension of the use of Milling Machines, has come an increased demand for Milling Cutters. Without good cutters, the efficiency of Milling Machines is much abridged. In extending the product of its Milling Department, the BROWN & SHARPE M'F.G. Co. has made many new varieties of Milling Cutters, and in order to supply the wants of customers, has found it necessary to greatly increase the number carried in stock. The Involute Gear Cutters in stock are from 3 to 48 pitch, 8 cutters to each pitch The Epicycloidal are from 2 to 10 pitch, 24 to each pitch. The nirves of gear cutters are obtained by machinery. Side h Cutters, from 3 1-2" to 8' diameter, are carried in stock On work having parallel surfaces, these cutters may be used in pairs Formed Cutters, for cutting various outlines, are made to order. These, as also th3 Gear Cutters, can be sharpened without changing their original form- a feature appreciated by those producing work, in duplicate. By.making cutters in large numbers, with expensive special tools, much greater accuracy has been attained than can be reached by the usual methods of manufacture. Users of cutters will generally find it more economical and satisfactory to purchase from experienced makers, rather than to attempt to manufacture for themselves. Catalogues mailed on application. All kinds of cutters made to order. SPECIAL PTLICY MACHINERY 36, 50 & 60 in. Swing. THE BILLINGS 86 SPENCER COMPANY, HARTFORD. CONN., MANUFACTURERS OF Billings' Improved Combination Pliers, Drop Forged from Tool Steel. DROPFORCINCS' Copnpleort,olrrsoannodrateneel,a-TorrsE'lectric Guns, Pistols, Sewing Machines, MACHINISTS' TOOLS AND Machinery Generally. Send for Illustrated Catalogue. WARNER & SWASEY, "MAN' moms NILES TOOL WORKS, Hamilton, 0. Chicago, March 19th, 1883. Gentlemen :—We have been using continuously for the past two years the FIFTY-INCH PULLEY MACHINES purchased of you, and they have not cost us a cent in the way of re pairs. We have turned out as high as 19 pulleys ranging from) to 28 inches in diameter and from 6 to 8 inches lace in 10 hours. Have turned 8 pulleys 48"x 8 inches in 10 hours. The manufacture of pulleys comprises quite a large part of our business, and we looked over the field considerably before purchasing of you, and this, with two years' experience, enables us to say we think them THE BEST PULLEY MACHINES in the market. W. McCRECOR & CO Very truly yours, For IRON and BRASS WORK. Illustrated Catalogue on application.

&&&&&&&&& 16 &&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

**********************************************17-18*********************************************************************

************************************************************************************************
2nd scan AMERICAN-MACHINIST-1889-page 6

Buying-A M E R I C A N M A C H I N I S T-Section Vol. 56, No. 1
Cut Production Costs-With Modern Equipment.

LET'S START RIGHT NOW
to do those things necessary to bring conditions back to normal. We've faced business stag- nation long enough
now to know what it means; so /et's go- let's get started on the right track again. This business de- pression will last
just as long as the people of this co\untry sit back and wait for something to happen-we've got to make things
happen.
We can accomplish nothing by waiting for the other fellow to start something-the chances are he is sitting back
waiting for us. We've simply got to realize that it is up to everyone to do his share, and there never was a better
time than right now to start the "ball a'rolling."
Then there is another and probably a much more threaten- ing angle to the situation. The period of prosperity just
passed has witnessed a tremendous over-expansion in practically every industry, not only in this country, but
throughout the entire civilized world. `As a consequence, today, and likely for many years to come, the facilities for
production will be greater than the powers of absorption-which means the keenest kind of competition and the
weeding out of the less stable and less progressive concerns in each industry. Business houses today are fighting
for their very existence, and those who survive will be the ones that start now to reduce their costs and better
their methods, in order to meet the keenest competition on a fair basis. ~
How should we begin? Where should we start?


If every manufacturer in the metal working industry would start by putting his own house in order, by replacing his
old worn'-out tools with new and better machines, by weeding out bis obsolete equipment, and installing more
modern, more prohtable equipment in its place, the first thing you know, we would have better business, things
would begin to move again, and industry once more would "hit the trail" of progress. We, The American Tool Works
Company, have already started. Since Jan. 1921, we have weeded out of our own plant, eighty-three machines of
different kinds, and are now replacing them with the latest and most modern tools. By this we have provided
business for the foundries, orders for the steel mills, and work for a number of men-in other words, we have "gone
into action" in our own plant.
If you will do the same in yours, the other fellow the same in his, and so on, ad infinitum, this country would soon
forget that there was a business depression, a readjustment period or a deflation spasm. It is up to every one of us
to put our shoulder to the wheel, so let's go-a slang expression -yes-but chuck full of meaning and good advice.

The American Tool Works Co.
Cincinatti, Ohio, U. S. A.
LATHES PLANERS--SHAPERS RADIALS

This is the 6rst of a series of cost reducing advertisements. The president of every metal Fabricatz.ng plant in t
country should hz.mselF read each and every one oF th advertisements, and then refer them to hz.s manager c
superintendent.