The Chicago 1895 Motocycle (Automobile) Race
December 7, 1895, The Duryea Wins
December 7, 1895, The Duryea Wins
" The Chicago Motocycle Race, December 7, 1895
Scientific American. DECEMBER 7, 1895 As shown in the illustration, the Duryea Motocycle is certainly an elegant " turnout," and for looks it could hold its own with the average horse carriage of to-day. Undoubtedly the motocycle has come to stay. For private use, as compared with the horse carriage, it has many points in its favor. The space required for stabling would be merely that occupied by its own bulk; and its running expenses would be limited to the fuel consumed and such repairs as might occasion-ally be required. We think that this new means of transportation is destined to play an important part in the question of city traffic. In the main thoroughfares of the larger cities traffic is badly congested. The adoption of the motocycle will largely relieve this, for the reason that it occupies only about one-half the space of the horse]carriage; moreover, it turns in a much smaller circle, and is in every way more flexible in a crowd-ed thoroughfare. The metaphorical allusion to a flow of water in speaking of city traffic is well chosen. The " stream of traffic" is subject to the same laws as any fluid moving in a fixed channel. The more easily the particles ad-just themselves to each other, the more rapid will be the flow, other things being equal. Nothing hinders the flow of traffic so much as a line of vehicles mov-ing on a fixed track and having the right of way over other traffic. If such a thoroughfare as Broadway, in New York City, were asphalted from end to end, and its vehicular traffic carried on by various forms of the This article was originally published with the title "The Chicago Motocycle Race" in Scientific American 73, 23, 357-358 (December 1895) The above Article can be found on the Sci Amer Website doi:10.1038/scientificamerican12071895-357b--PS I own an original copy of both Webmaster. 
 Race-Dec 7 1895, The Duryea Wins_11-17_files/Scientific-American-1895-Dec-7-1895-pg-357-top-Hutchison-Current-Arestor.jpeg)
 Race-Dec 7 1895, The Duryea Wins_11-17_files/Scientific-American-1895-Dec-7-1895-pg-358-top-Duryer-AutomobileWins-1895-A-drop-of-Water-Remedical-Foods.jpeg)
 Race-Dec 7 1895, The Duryea Wins_11-17_files/Scientific-American-1895-Dec-7-1895-pg-358-bot-Duryer-Automobile-Wins-1895-Alumina-from-Clay-Calcium-Carbide-Potassiumorthodin.jpeg)
Scientific American. DECEMBER 7, 1895 As shown in the illustration, the Duryea Motocycle is certainly an elegant " turnout," and for looks it could hold its own with the average horse carriage of to-day. Undoubtedly the motocycle has come to stay. For private use, as compared with the horse carriage, it has many points in its favor. The space required for stabling would be merely that occupied by its own bulk; and its running expenses would be limited to the fuel consumed and such repairs as might occasion-ally be required. We think that this new means of transportation is destined to play an important part in the question of city traffic. In the main thoroughfares of the larger cities traffic is badly congested. The adoption of the motocycle will largely relieve this, for the reason that it occupies only about one-half the space of the horse]carriage; moreover, it turns in a much smaller circle, and is in every way more flexible in a crowd-ed thoroughfare. The metaphorical allusion to a flow of water in speaking of city traffic is well chosen. The " stream of traffic" is subject to the same laws as any fluid moving in a fixed channel. The more easily the particles ad-just themselves to each other, the more rapid will be the flow, other things being equal. Nothing hinders the flow of traffic so much as a line of vehicles mov-ing on a fixed track and having the right of way over other traffic. If such a thoroughfare as Broadway, in New York City, were asphalted from end to end, and its vehicular traffic carried on by various forms of the This article was originally published with the title "The Chicago Motocycle Race" in Scientific American 73, 23, 357-358 (December 1895) The above Article can be found on the Sci Amer Website doi:10.1038/scientificamerican12071895-357b--PS I own an original copy of both Webmaster.
" The Chicago Motocycle Race, December 7, 1895
In 1894 a great impetus was given to the automobile carriage by a competition organized in Paris by the Petit Journal.
The course was from Paris to Rouen, 75 miles, and the prizes amounted to $2,000. Fifteen competitors started in the race, the best time being 5 hours and 40 minutes. On June 11, 1895. occurred another race in France, for prizes aggregating $8.000. The course measured 727 miles, and was from Paris to Bordeaux and return. Sixty-six vehicles competed, and the best time was made by a petroleum carriage, which made the entire journey in 2 days and 53 minutes, or at the rate of 149 miles an hour.
We present an illustration of the first prize winner. The Duryea carriage is made by the Duryea Motor Wagon Company, of Springfield, Mass. The Duryea wagon weighs about 700 pounds and is built for either two or four persons. The one shown in the engraving is arranged for Wo people. It is driven by two three-horse power motors, which use ordinary stove gasoline, so that the expense of running is less than one-half cent a mile. The wagons have a carrying capacity of eight gallons, so that they will run from 100 to 200 miles. The wagon needs recharging with water each day, and both the gasoline and water can be supplied to the wagon in five minutes. The object of the tank of water is, of course, to prevent the motor from overheating. Its runs backward or forward with equal facility, and has four speeds forward and one speed backward. It can be geared to different speeds to suit the roads of any locality, and may be run at any speed desired below its liuiit over roads over which ordinary traffic travels. The wheels of the carriage are 34 and 38 inches in diameter and are equipped with 2 inch pneumatic tires, and it is easily governed, being steered and speeded by the same lever, being steered by a sidewise motion of the lever and speeded by a vertical motion. It is provided with a powerful brake, and as its motors are wholly independent, one will propel the carriage even if accident affects the other. As an electric spark explodes the charge, the danger of explosion is reduced to a minimum.
With a laudable intent to a w awaken widespread interest in the motocycle, two papers offered last July substantial prizes aggregating $10.000 to be competed for by horseless vehicles. The Chicago Times-Herald offered $5,000 in four prizes for the winners in the race of November 2, and the Engineer of London offered about $5,000 for a race to be held in England Under the existing law in England, which prohibits the use of steam carriages on the roads at a greater speed than four miles pel- hour, no adequate competitive trial could take place, but a repeal of the law is confidently expected, so that al low i ng time for necessary legislation the competition can scarcely take place at an earlier date than October, 1896. No vehicle must weigh over two tons, the limit being fixed by the Shaw-Lefevre bill. which was introduced during the last Parliament. When the Times-Herald first m ad e its oiler, it was feared that the time was too short for American inventors to construct motocycles which would stand a fai r trial when compared with the skilled construction of the most experienced French and German makers. This prediction was fulfilled. for out of nearly oiie hundred machines entered, an d aft er a postp on emen t of over three week s, only six con testants started on Thanksgivi n g day morning. November 28. 11 is probable the terrible storm just preceding the day fixed for t h e trial and th e accumulation of snow and mud deterred many from appearing. The route selected was as follows : Midway Plaisance, Washington Park, Fifty-fifth Street Bo u l evard, Michigan Boulevard, Rush Street, Lake Shore Drive through Lincoln Park, the Sheridan Drive and Kenmore Avenue to Evanston ; thence south on Clark Street and Ashland Avenue to Roscoe Street and Western Avenue, west on Belmont Avenue, southeast on Milwaukee Avenue to Humboldt Boulevard and through Humboldt, Garfield and Douglas Parks to Western Aven ue Boulevard, east on Fifty-fifth Street boulevard and Washington Park to Jackson Park and the Midway. Three days before the race, Chicago was visited with a veritable blizzard, which almost entirely cut off the city from telegraphic com m unication, crippled railroads, and brought the cable and trolley cars to a standstill. The streets were choked with snow, which was soon mixed with the accumulations of dirt, until they became well nigh impassable. The snow was 12 inches deep in places. It was in the midst of this city of snow and slush that six motocycles started for their race at 8:55 A. M. on Thanksgiving morning. The vehicles competing were :
The Duryea motor carriage, of Spring field, Mass.; the Morris & Salom e 1 ect robat. of Ph iladelphia. Pa.; the Benz-Mueller mo-tocycle, entered by Mr. H. Mneller, of Decatur, Ill.; the Roger motocycle and the De la Vergne motocycle, of New York ; and the Sturges electric motocycle, of Chicago. The course was fifty-four miles long. The De la Vergne machine quit at Sixteenth Street ; the Morris & Salom electrobat and the Sturges electric motocycle m ad e s hor t r uns and then dropped out of the race. B o th the electric vehicles returned in good condition and made a good showi n g under the circ u m sta nces. The Roger machine broke its running gear when half of the course was covered and lost the race. The probable w inner of the first prize was the Charles E. Duryea gasoline motocycle.which made the fifty-four mile run in ten hours and t wenty-three minutes. The Benz-Mueller motocycle cauie in sec o n d, covering the course in eleven hours and fifty-eight minutes. Considering the condi ti on of the roads, this showing was very satisfactory. An engraving of this machine wil l be fo n n d in our paper of N ovemher 16, 189.5. The prizes offered were as follows : First prize—$2,000 and a gold medal, the same being open to competi tion to the world. Second prize—$1,500. with a stipulation that in the event the first prize is a warded to a vehicle of foreign invention or manufacture, this prize shall go to the most successful American competitor. Third prize—$l,OOO. Fourth prize—$500. The third and fourth prizes are open to all competitors, foreign and American.
This article was originally published with the title "The Chicago Motocycle Race" in Scientific American 73, 23, 357-358 (December 1895) The above Article can be found on the Sci Amer Website doi:10.1038/scientificamerican12071895-357b
In 1894 a great impetus was given to the automobile carriage by a competition organized in Paris by the Petit Journal.
The course was from Paris to Rouen, 75 miles, and the prizes amounted to $2,000. Fifteen competitors started in the race, the best time being 5 hours and 40 minutes. On June 11, 1895. occurred another race in France, for prizes aggregating $8.000. The course measured 727 miles, and was from Paris to Bordeaux and return. Sixty-six vehicles competed, and the best time was made by a petroleum carriage, which made the entire journey in 2 days and 53 minutes, or at the rate of 149 miles an hour.
We present an illustration of the first prize winner. The Duryea carriage is made by the Duryea Motor Wagon Company, of Springfield, Mass. The Duryea wagon weighs about 700 pounds and is built for either two or four persons. The one shown in the engraving is arranged for Wo people. It is driven by two three-horse power motors, which use ordinary stove gasoline, so that the expense of running is less than one-half cent a mile. The wagons have a carrying capacity of eight gallons, so that they will run from 100 to 200 miles. The wagon needs recharging with water each day, and both the gasoline and water can be supplied to the wagon in five minutes. The object of the tank of water is, of course, to prevent the motor from overheating. Its runs backward or forward with equal facility, and has four speeds forward and one speed backward. It can be geared to different speeds to suit the roads of any locality, and may be run at any speed desired below its liuiit over roads over which ordinary traffic travels. The wheels of the carriage are 34 and 38 inches in diameter and are equipped with 2 inch pneumatic tires, and it is easily governed, being steered and speeded by the same lever, being steered by a sidewise motion of the lever and speeded by a vertical motion. It is provided with a powerful brake, and as its motors are wholly independent, one will propel the carriage even if accident affects the other. As an electric spark explodes the charge, the danger of explosion is reduced to a minimum.
With a laudable intent to a w awaken widespread interest in the motocycle, two papers offered last July substantial prizes aggregating $10.000 to be competed for by horseless vehicles. The Chicago Times-Herald offered $5,000 in four prizes for the winners in the race of November 2, and the Engineer of London offered about $5,000 for a race to be held in England Under the existing law in England, which prohibits the use of steam carriages on the roads at a greater speed than four miles pel- hour, no adequate competitive trial could take place, but a repeal of the law is confidently expected, so that al low i ng time for necessary legislation the competition can scarcely take place at an earlier date than October, 1896. No vehicle must weigh over two tons, the limit being fixed by the Shaw-Lefevre bill. which was introduced during the last Parliament. When the Times-Herald first m ad e its oiler, it was feared that the time was too short for American inventors to construct motocycles which would stand a fai r trial when compared with the skilled construction of the most experienced French and German makers. This prediction was fulfilled. for out of nearly oiie hundred machines entered, an d aft er a postp on emen t of over three week s, only six con testants started on Thanksgivi n g day morning. November 28. 11 is probable the terrible storm just preceding the day fixed for t h e trial and th e accumulation of snow and mud deterred many from appearing. The route selected was as follows : Midway Plaisance, Washington Park, Fifty-fifth Street Bo u l evard, Michigan Boulevard, Rush Street, Lake Shore Drive through Lincoln Park, the Sheridan Drive and Kenmore Avenue to Evanston ; thence south on Clark Street and Ashland Avenue to Roscoe Street and Western Avenue, west on Belmont Avenue, southeast on Milwaukee Avenue to Humboldt Boulevard and through Humboldt, Garfield and Douglas Parks to Western Aven ue Boulevard, east on Fifty-fifth Street boulevard and Washington Park to Jackson Park and the Midway. Three days before the race, Chicago was visited with a veritable blizzard, which almost entirely cut off the city from telegraphic com m unication, crippled railroads, and brought the cable and trolley cars to a standstill. The streets were choked with snow, which was soon mixed with the accumulations of dirt, until they became well nigh impassable. The snow was 12 inches deep in places. It was in the midst of this city of snow and slush that six motocycles started for their race at 8:55 A. M. on Thanksgiving morning. The vehicles competing were :
The Duryea motor carriage, of Spring field, Mass.; the Morris & Salom e 1 ect robat. of Ph iladelphia. Pa.; the Benz-Mueller mo-tocycle, entered by Mr. H. Mneller, of Decatur, Ill.; the Roger motocycle and the De la Vergne motocycle, of New York ; and the Sturges electric motocycle, of Chicago. The course was fifty-four miles long. The De la Vergne machine quit at Sixteenth Street ; the Morris & Salom electrobat and the Sturges electric motocycle m ad e s hor t r uns and then dropped out of the race. B o th the electric vehicles returned in good condition and made a good showi n g under the circ u m sta nces. The Roger machine broke its running gear when half of the course was covered and lost the race. The probable w inner of the first prize was the Charles E. Duryea gasoline motocycle.which made the fifty-four mile run in ten hours and t wenty-three minutes. The Benz-Mueller motocycle cauie in sec o n d, covering the course in eleven hours and fifty-eight minutes. Considering the condi ti on of the roads, this showing was very satisfactory. An engraving of this machine wil l be fo n n d in our paper of N ovemher 16, 189.5. The prizes offered were as follows : First prize—$2,000 and a gold medal, the same being open to competi tion to the world. Second prize—$1,500. with a stipulation that in the event the first prize is a warded to a vehicle of foreign invention or manufacture, this prize shall go to the most successful American competitor. Third prize—$l,OOO. Fourth prize—$500. The third and fourth prizes are open to all competitors, foreign and American.
This article was originally published with the title "The Chicago Motocycle Race" in Scientific American 73, 23, 357-358 (December 1895) The above Article can be found on the Sci Amer Website doi:10.1038/scientificamerican12071895-357b
[Entered at the Post Office of New York, N. Y., as Second Class matter. Copyright, 1895, by Munn & Co.)
A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, MANUFACTURES. Vol. LXXIIII.—No. 23.]
ESTABLISHED 1845. NEW YORK, DECEMBER 7, 1895 [$3.00 A YEAR. L WEEKLY.
THE CHAIN SAW MORTISER.
No branch of mechanics has received greater development in the United States than that which relates to woodworking. America has been pre-eminently a, wood-producing country, and has brought shaping, planing and sawing machinery into the greatest per-fection. Soon after its introduction the apparently weak band saw was developed so as to cut the hard-est wood of any thickness with accuracy, economy and convenience undreamt of. We illustrate in our present issue a machine which has aptly been said to be an invention as revolutionary as 1 hal of the band saw. It is known as the chain saw mortiser. In indoor woodwork especially, an immense quan tity of mortise and tenon work has to be done, and machines for the purpose have been used for many years. The mortising machines have been construct-ed on the general principles of the old hand chisel and auger, representing in their operation the processes of the human operative. These machines the chain mortiser replaces, throwing into disuse the old chisel-ing processes, and substituting therefor a cutting tool which eats its way into the heart of the hardest or softest wood with the utmost rapidity, making therein a mortise of mathematical accuracy of shape, clearing it of even the smallest chip and leaving no core to be knocked out. This work it does silently; the old chisel mortiser in full operation was a most disagree-able machine in the shop, while the chain mortiser works almost in silence. The chips which it makes are by its own action brought opposite to the suction orifice of a rotary blower, by which they are blown away, making it one of the cleanest machines which can be used in the shop. The soul cf the machine is in its chain, which, with its sprocket and feeder bar, we illustrate in one of our cuts. The chain is an endless one, somewhat similar to a bicycle chain, but with links toothed on the out-side. The links may be divided into three kinds, arranged in succession as shown in the small cut ; some
CHAIN SAW SHARPENING MACHINE.
with two outside teeth and a clearance space between, others with two intermediate spaces with clearance spaces outside and between, others with a single cen-tral tooth. The chain is rotated from a sprocket wheel at its upper end, as shown in the cut, while it is brought to a proper state of tension by the feeder bar which is seen at its lower portion. A wheel rotating on accurate roller joints is carried by the lower end of the feeder bar. The right hand figure shows this roller with the journal cover plate removed. It is obvious that, if the chain is rotated in the proper direction, the edges of the teeth will cut their way through a piece of wood. In the ma-chine the chain is mounted on the front. Beneath it is a working table on which the work is placed and clamped. By the action of the machine the face of the work is brought up against the chain so as to effect the mortising. The chain rotates with high velocity, and a deep mortise is made in the hardest wood, complete and ready for gluing in one or two seconds. The machine is carried on a large substantial base, on which a compact frame is supported, which carries the necessary band wheels and feed mechanism. When in action, the chain is kept constantly in rapid mo-tion, its speed varying from 1,800 to 2,300 feet a minute, and its feeder bar projecting down over the work table. The work table on its front is adapted to be placed at different angles, so that the mortises can be made in any desired direction. From the front of the base projects a foot lever, by which the belts are shifted back and forth, a very ingenious arragement of paral-lel motion levers being employed at the inner end of the foot lever. At the right side of the frame rises a spindle, with two adjustable collars. As the machine is automatic in its motion, the up-per collar is applied to regulate the depth of the mortise and its position determines the rise of the table. The work being put in position and clamped, a (Continued on page 356.)
The chips which it makes are by its own- action brought opposite to the suction orifice of a rotary blower, by which they are blown away, making it one of the cleanest machines which can be used in the shop. The soul cf the machine is in its chain, which, with with two outside teeth and a clearance space between, others with two intermediate spaces with clearance spaces outside and between, others with a single cen-tral tooth. The chain is rotated from a sprocket wheel at its upper end, as shown in the cut, while it is brought A), As the machine is automatic in its motion, the up-per collar is applied _ to regulate the depth of the mortise and its position determines the rise of the table. The work being put in position and clamped, a (Continued on page 356. The Chicago Motocycle Race, December 7, 1895
In 1894 a great impetus was given to the automobile carriage by a competition organized in Paris by the Petit Journal.
The course was from Paris to Rouen, 75 miles, and the prizes amounted to $2,000. Fifteen competitors started in the race, the best time being 5 hours and 40 minutes. On June 11, 1895. occurred another race in France, for prizes aggregating $8.000. The course measured 727 miles, and was from Paris to Bordeaux and return. Sixty-six vehicles competed, and the best time was made by a petroleum carriage, which made the entire journey in 2 days and 53 minutes, or at the rate of 149 miles an hour.
We present an illustration of the first prize winner. The Duryea carriage is made by the Duryea Motor Wagon Company, of Springfield, Mass. The Duryea wagon weighs about 700 pounds and is built for either two or four persons. The one shown in the engraving is arranged for Wo people. It is driven by two three-horse power motors, which use ordinary stove gasoline, so that the expense of running is less than one-half cent a mile. The wagons have a carrying capacity of eight gallons, so that they will run from 100 to 200 miles. The wagon needs recharging with water each day, and both the gasoline and water can be supplied to the wagon in five minutes. The object of the tank of water is, of course, to prevent the motor from overheating. Its runs backward or forward with equal facility, and has four speeds forward and one speed backward. It can be geared to different speeds to suit the roads of any locality, and may be run at any speed desired below its liuiit over roads over which ordinary traffic travels. The wheels of the carriage are 34 and 38 inches in diameter and are equipped with 2 inch pneumatic tires, and it is easily governed, being steered and speeded by the same lever, being steered by a sidewise motion of the lever and speeded by a vertical motion. It is provided with a powerful brake, and as its motors are wholly independent, one will propel the carriage even if accident affects the other. As an electric spark explodes the charge, the danger of explosion is reduced to a minimum.
With a laudable intent to a w awaken widespread interest in the motocycle, two papers offered last July substantial prizes aggregating $10.000 to be competed for by horseless vehicles. The Chicago Times-Herald offered $5,000 in four prizes for the winners in the race of November 2, and the Engineer of London offered about $5,000 for a race to be held in England Under the existing law in England, which prohibits the use of steam carriages on the roads at a greater speed than four miles pel- hour, no adequate competitive trial could take place, but a repeal of the law is confidently expected, so that al low i ng time for necessary legislation the competition can scarcely take place at an earlier date than October, 1896. No vehicle must weigh over two tons, the limit being fixed by the Shaw-Lefevre bill. which was introduced during the last Parliament. When the Times-Herald first m ad e its oiler, it was feared that the time was too short for American inventors to construct motocycles which would stand a fai r trial when compared with the skilled construction of the most experienced French and German makers. This prediction was fulfilled. for out of nearly oiie hundred machines entered, an d aft er a postp on emen t of over three week s, only six con testants started on Thanksgivi n g day morning. November 28. 11 is probable the terrible storm just preceding the day fixed for t h e trial and th e accumulation of snow and mud deterred many from appearing. The route selected was as follows : Midway Plaisance, Washington Park, Fifty-fifth Street Bo u l evard, Michigan Boulevard, Rush Street, Lake Shore Drive through Lincoln Park, the Sheridan Drive and Kenmore Avenue to Evanston ; thence south on Clark Street and Ashland Avenue to Roscoe Street and Western Avenue, west on Belmont Avenue, southeast on Milwaukee Avenue to Humboldt Boulevard and through Humboldt, Garfield and Douglas Parks to Western Aven ue Boulevard, east on Fifty-fifth Street boulevard and Washington Park to Jackson Park and the Midway. Three days before the race, Chicago was visited with a veritable blizzard, which almost entirely cut off the city from telegraphic com m unication, crippled railroads, and brought the cable and trolley cars to a standstill. The streets were choked with snow, which was soon mixed with the accumulations of dirt, until they became well nigh impassable. The snow was 12 inches deep in places. It was in the midst of this city of snow and slush that six motocycles started for their race at 8:55 A. M. on Thanksgiving morning. The vehicles competing were :
The Duryea motor carriage, of Spring field, Mass.; the Morris & Salom e 1 ect robat. of Ph iladelphia. Pa.; the Benz-Mueller mo-tocycle, entered by Mr. H. Mneller, of Decatur, Ill.; the Roger motocycle and the De la Vergne motocycle, of New York ; and the Sturges electric motocycle, of Chicago. The course was fifty-four miles long. The De la Vergne machine quit at Sixteenth Street ; the Morris & Salom electrobat and the Sturges electric motocycle m ad e s hor t r uns and then dropped out of the race. B o th the electric vehicles returned in good condition and made a good showi n g under the circ u m sta nces. The Roger machine broke its running gear when half of the course was covered and lost the race. The probable w inner of the first prize was the Charles E. Duryea gasoline motocycle.which made the fifty-four mile run in ten hours and t wenty-three minutes. The Benz-Mueller motocycle cauie in sec o n d, covering the course in eleven hours and fifty-eight minutes. Considering the condi ti on of the roads, this showing was very satisfactory. An engraving of this machine wil l be fo n n d in our paper of N ovemher 16, 189.5. The prizes offered were as follows : First prize—$2,000 and a gold medal, the same being open to competi tion to the world. Second prize—$1,500. with a stipulation that in the event the first prize is a warded to a vehicle of foreign invention or manufacture, this prize shall go to the most successful American competitor. Third prize—$l,OOO. Fourth prize—$500. The third and fourth prizes are open to all competitors, foreign and American.
This article was originally published with the title "The Chicago Motocycle Race" in Scientific American 73, 23, 357-358 (December 1895) The above Article can be found on the Sci Amer Website doi:10.1038/s )
A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, MANUFACTURES. Vol. LXXIIII.—No. 23.]
ESTABLISHED 1845. NEW YORK, DECEMBER 7, 1895 [$3.00 A YEAR. L WEEKLY.
THE CHAIN SAW MORTISER.
No branch of mechanics has received greater development in the United States than that which relates to woodworking. America has been pre-eminently a, wood-producing country, and has brought shaping, planing and sawing machinery into the greatest per-fection. Soon after its introduction the apparently weak band saw was developed so as to cut the hard-est wood of any thickness with accuracy, economy and convenience undreamt of. We illustrate in our present issue a machine which has aptly been said to be an invention as revolutionary as 1 hal of the band saw. It is known as the chain saw mortiser. In indoor woodwork especially, an immense quan tity of mortise and tenon work has to be done, and machines for the purpose have been used for many years. The mortising machines have been construct-ed on the general principles of the old hand chisel and auger, representing in their operation the processes of the human operative. These machines the chain mortiser replaces, throwing into disuse the old chisel-ing processes, and substituting therefor a cutting tool which eats its way into the heart of the hardest or softest wood with the utmost rapidity, making therein a mortise of mathematical accuracy of shape, clearing it of even the smallest chip and leaving no core to be knocked out. This work it does silently; the old chisel mortiser in full operation was a most disagree-able machine in the shop, while the chain mortiser works almost in silence. The chips which it makes are by its own action brought opposite to the suction orifice of a rotary blower, by which they are blown away, making it one of the cleanest machines which can be used in the shop. The soul cf the machine is in its chain, which, with its sprocket and feeder bar, we illustrate in one of our cuts. The chain is an endless one, somewhat similar to a bicycle chain, but with links toothed on the out-side. The links may be divided into three kinds, arranged in succession as shown in the small cut ; some
CHAIN SAW SHARPENING MACHINE.
with two outside teeth and a clearance space between, others with two intermediate spaces with clearance spaces outside and between, others with a single cen-tral tooth. The chain is rotated from a sprocket wheel at its upper end, as shown in the cut, while it is brought to a proper state of tension by the feeder bar which is seen at its lower portion. A wheel rotating on accurate roller joints is carried by the lower end of the feeder bar. The right hand figure shows this roller with the journal cover plate removed. It is obvious that, if the chain is rotated in the proper direction, the edges of the teeth will cut their way through a piece of wood. In the ma-chine the chain is mounted on the front. Beneath it is a working table on which the work is placed and clamped. By the action of the machine the face of the work is brought up against the chain so as to effect the mortising. The chain rotates with high velocity, and a deep mortise is made in the hardest wood, complete and ready for gluing in one or two seconds. The machine is carried on a large substantial base, on which a compact frame is supported, which carries the necessary band wheels and feed mechanism. When in action, the chain is kept constantly in rapid mo-tion, its speed varying from 1,800 to 2,300 feet a minute, and its feeder bar projecting down over the work table. The work table on its front is adapted to be placed at different angles, so that the mortises can be made in any desired direction. From the front of the base projects a foot lever, by which the belts are shifted back and forth, a very ingenious arragement of paral-lel motion levers being employed at the inner end of the foot lever. At the right side of the frame rises a spindle, with two adjustable collars. As the machine is automatic in its motion, the up-per collar is applied to regulate the depth of the mortise and its position determines the rise of the table. The work being put in position and clamped, a (Continued on page 356.)
The chips which it makes are by its own- action brought opposite to the suction orifice of a rotary blower, by which they are blown away, making it one of the cleanest machines which can be used in the shop. The soul cf the machine is in its chain, which, with with two outside teeth and a clearance space between, others with two intermediate spaces with clearance spaces outside and between, others with a single cen-tral tooth. The chain is rotated from a sprocket wheel at its upper end, as shown in the cut, while it is brought A), As the machine is automatic in its motion, the up-per collar is applied _ to regulate the depth of the mortise and its position determines the rise of the table. The work being put in position and clamped, a (Continued on page 356. The Chicago Motocycle Race, December 7, 1895
In 1894 a great impetus was given to the automobile carriage by a competition organized in Paris by the Petit Journal.
The course was from Paris to Rouen, 75 miles, and the prizes amounted to $2,000. Fifteen competitors started in the race, the best time being 5 hours and 40 minutes. On June 11, 1895. occurred another race in France, for prizes aggregating $8.000. The course measured 727 miles, and was from Paris to Bordeaux and return. Sixty-six vehicles competed, and the best time was made by a petroleum carriage, which made the entire journey in 2 days and 53 minutes, or at the rate of 149 miles an hour.
We present an illustration of the first prize winner. The Duryea carriage is made by the Duryea Motor Wagon Company, of Springfield, Mass. The Duryea wagon weighs about 700 pounds and is built for either two or four persons. The one shown in the engraving is arranged for Wo people. It is driven by two three-horse power motors, which use ordinary stove gasoline, so that the expense of running is less than one-half cent a mile. The wagons have a carrying capacity of eight gallons, so that they will run from 100 to 200 miles. The wagon needs recharging with water each day, and both the gasoline and water can be supplied to the wagon in five minutes. The object of the tank of water is, of course, to prevent the motor from overheating. Its runs backward or forward with equal facility, and has four speeds forward and one speed backward. It can be geared to different speeds to suit the roads of any locality, and may be run at any speed desired below its liuiit over roads over which ordinary traffic travels. The wheels of the carriage are 34 and 38 inches in diameter and are equipped with 2 inch pneumatic tires, and it is easily governed, being steered and speeded by the same lever, being steered by a sidewise motion of the lever and speeded by a vertical motion. It is provided with a powerful brake, and as its motors are wholly independent, one will propel the carriage even if accident affects the other. As an electric spark explodes the charge, the danger of explosion is reduced to a minimum.
With a laudable intent to a w awaken widespread interest in the motocycle, two papers offered last July substantial prizes aggregating $10.000 to be competed for by horseless vehicles. The Chicago Times-Herald offered $5,000 in four prizes for the winners in the race of November 2, and the Engineer of London offered about $5,000 for a race to be held in England Under the existing law in England, which prohibits the use of steam carriages on the roads at a greater speed than four miles pel- hour, no adequate competitive trial could take place, but a repeal of the law is confidently expected, so that al low i ng time for necessary legislation the competition can scarcely take place at an earlier date than October, 1896. No vehicle must weigh over two tons, the limit being fixed by the Shaw-Lefevre bill. which was introduced during the last Parliament. When the Times-Herald first m ad e its oiler, it was feared that the time was too short for American inventors to construct motocycles which would stand a fai r trial when compared with the skilled construction of the most experienced French and German makers. This prediction was fulfilled. for out of nearly oiie hundred machines entered, an d aft er a postp on emen t of over three week s, only six con testants started on Thanksgivi n g day morning. November 28. 11 is probable the terrible storm just preceding the day fixed for t h e trial and th e accumulation of snow and mud deterred many from appearing. The route selected was as follows : Midway Plaisance, Washington Park, Fifty-fifth Street Bo u l evard, Michigan Boulevard, Rush Street, Lake Shore Drive through Lincoln Park, the Sheridan Drive and Kenmore Avenue to Evanston ; thence south on Clark Street and Ashland Avenue to Roscoe Street and Western Avenue, west on Belmont Avenue, southeast on Milwaukee Avenue to Humboldt Boulevard and through Humboldt, Garfield and Douglas Parks to Western Aven ue Boulevard, east on Fifty-fifth Street boulevard and Washington Park to Jackson Park and the Midway. Three days before the race, Chicago was visited with a veritable blizzard, which almost entirely cut off the city from telegraphic com m unication, crippled railroads, and brought the cable and trolley cars to a standstill. The streets were choked with snow, which was soon mixed with the accumulations of dirt, until they became well nigh impassable. The snow was 12 inches deep in places. It was in the midst of this city of snow and slush that six motocycles started for their race at 8:55 A. M. on Thanksgiving morning. The vehicles competing were :
The Duryea motor carriage, of Spring field, Mass.; the Morris & Salom e 1 ect robat. of Ph iladelphia. Pa.; the Benz-Mueller mo-tocycle, entered by Mr. H. Mneller, of Decatur, Ill.; the Roger motocycle and the De la Vergne motocycle, of New York ; and the Sturges electric motocycle, of Chicago. The course was fifty-four miles long. The De la Vergne machine quit at Sixteenth Street ; the Morris & Salom electrobat and the Sturges electric motocycle m ad e s hor t r uns and then dropped out of the race. B o th the electric vehicles returned in good condition and made a good showi n g under the circ u m sta nces. The Roger machine broke its running gear when half of the course was covered and lost the race. The probable w inner of the first prize was the Charles E. Duryea gasoline motocycle.which made the fifty-four mile run in ten hours and t wenty-three minutes. The Benz-Mueller motocycle cauie in sec o n d, covering the course in eleven hours and fifty-eight minutes. Considering the condi ti on of the roads, this showing was very satisfactory. An engraving of this machine wil l be fo n n d in our paper of N ovemher 16, 189.5. The prizes offered were as follows : First prize—$2,000 and a gold medal, the same being open to competi tion to the world. Second prize—$1,500. with a stipulation that in the event the first prize is a warded to a vehicle of foreign invention or manufacture, this prize shall go to the most successful American competitor. Third prize—$l,OOO. Fourth prize—$500. The third and fourth prizes are open to all competitors, foreign and American.
This article was originally published with the title "The Chicago Motocycle Race" in Scientific American 73, 23, 357-358 (December 1895) The above Article can be found on the Sci Amer Website doi:10.1038/s )
pg 354
Scientific American. DECEMBER 7, 1895
As shown in the illustration, the Duryea motocycle is certainly an elegant " turnout," and for looks it could hold its own with the average horse carriage of to-day. Undoubtedly the motocycle has come to stay. For private use, as compared with the horse carriage, it has many points in its favor. The space required for stabling would be merely that occupied by its own bulk; and its running expenses would be limited to the fuel consumed and such repairs as might occasion-ally be required. We think that this new means of transportation is destined to play an important part in the question of city traffic. In the main thoroughfares of the larger cities traffic is badly congested. The adoption of the motocycle will largely relieve this, for the reason that it occupies only about one-half the space of the horse less carriage; moreover, it turns in a much smaller circle, and is in every way more flexible in a crowd-ed thoroughfare. The metaphorical allusion to a flow of water in speaking of city traffic is well chosen. The " stream of traffic" is subject to the same laws as any fluid moving in a fixed channel. The more easily the particles ad-just themselves to each other, the more rapid will be the flow, other things being equal. Nothing hinders the flow of traffic so much as a line of vehicles mov-ing on a fixed track and having the right of way over other traffic. If such a thoroughfare as Broadway, in New York City, were asphalted from end to end, and it svehicular traffic carried on by various forms of the
Sturges electrical machine made no effort to cover any great part of the course. The R. H. Macy had toretire after covering half the distance on account of broken running gear. Although it is to be regretted that the recent storm should have spoiled this most interesting contest as regards the number of contestants and the rapidity with which the course was covered, we must bear in mind that the great severity of the test speaks all the more favorably for the excellence of the vehicles which completed the journey. The storm of a day or two previous had completely paralyzed vehicular transportation in the very district where the Duryea motocycle completed a fifty-four mile journey at a five mile gait, and came in to the winning post none the worse for the trying ordeal. No better proof could be given of the all-round ex-cellence of this vehicle. The greatest care must have been exercised in the proportioning of parts, and the general setting up, both of the motor and car-riage, to enable it to battle for ten hours against the combined obstacles of mud and snow. It is, moreover, greatly to the credit of the manu-facturers that all this strength should have been ob-tained without the sacrifice of general appearance.
THE CHICAGO TIMES-HERALD MOTOR RACE.
It was extremely unfortunate that the weather should have interfered so seriously with the Chicago Times-Herald motocycle contest, which came off at that city on Thanksgiving Day. The recent storm had left the roads heavy with snow and mud. We are told that for miles on the west side the boulevards were unbroken fields of snowbanks and slush." Six ma-chines lined up for the start : The Duryea, of Spring-field, Mass.; the Morris & Salom electrobat, of Phila-delphia; the H. Mueller motocycle, of Decatur, Ill.; the R. H. Macy, of New York ; the De la Vergne. of New York ; and the Sturges electric motocycle, of Chicago. The Roger motocycle, with a view to giving it a long distance test, was started from New York to Chicago by road on November 15 ; but it was stalled by snow when it reached Schenectady. Two of the machines covered the distance fixed for the race ; the first being the design of an American in-ventor, Charles E. Duryea, of Springfield, Mass. His vehicle, a gasoline motocycle, covered the fifty-four miles in 10 hours and 23 minutes ; a really creditable feat, when we consider the wretched state of the roads. The H. Mueller, also an American machine, was second, making the journey in 1 hour 35 minutes longer time. The D'.-; la Vergne, the Morris & Salom, and the
Scientific American. DECEMBER 7, 1895
As shown in the illustration, the Duryea motocycle is certainly an elegant " turnout," and for looks it could hold its own with the average horse carriage of to-day. Undoubtedly the motocycle has come to stay. For private use, as compared with the horse carriage, it has many points in its favor. The space required for stabling would be merely that occupied by its own bulk; and its running expenses would be limited to the fuel consumed and such repairs as might occasion-ally be required. We think that this new means of transportation is destined to play an important part in the question of city traffic. In the main thoroughfares of the larger cities traffic is badly congested. The adoption of the motocycle will largely relieve this, for the reason that it occupies only about one-half the space of the horse less carriage; moreover, it turns in a much smaller circle, and is in every way more flexible in a crowd-ed thoroughfare. The metaphorical allusion to a flow of water in speaking of city traffic is well chosen. The " stream of traffic" is subject to the same laws as any fluid moving in a fixed channel. The more easily the particles ad-just themselves to each other, the more rapid will be the flow, other things being equal. Nothing hinders the flow of traffic so much as a line of vehicles mov-ing on a fixed track and having the right of way over other traffic. If such a thoroughfare as Broadway, in New York City, were asphalted from end to end, and it svehicular traffic carried on by various forms of the
Sturges electrical machine made no effort to cover any great part of the course. The R. H. Macy had toretire after covering half the distance on account of broken running gear. Although it is to be regretted that the recent storm should have spoiled this most interesting contest as regards the number of contestants and the rapidity with which the course was covered, we must bear in mind that the great severity of the test speaks all the more favorably for the excellence of the vehicles which completed the journey. The storm of a day or two previous had completely paralyzed vehicular transportation in the very district where the Duryea motocycle completed a fifty-four mile journey at a five mile gait, and came in to the winning post none the worse for the trying ordeal. No better proof could be given of the all-round ex-cellence of this vehicle. The greatest care must have been exercised in the proportioning of parts, and the general setting up, both of the motor and car-riage, to enable it to battle for ten hours against the combined obstacles of mud and snow. It is, moreover, greatly to the credit of the manu-facturers that all this strength should have been ob-tained without the sacrifice of general appearance.
THE CHICAGO TIMES-HERALD MOTOR RACE.
It was extremely unfortunate that the weather should have interfered so seriously with the Chicago Times-Herald motocycle contest, which came off at that city on Thanksgiving Day. The recent storm had left the roads heavy with snow and mud. We are told that for miles on the west side the boulevards were unbroken fields of snowbanks and slush." Six ma-chines lined up for the start : The Duryea, of Spring-field, Mass.; the Morris & Salom electrobat, of Phila-delphia; the H. Mueller motocycle, of Decatur, Ill.; the R. H. Macy, of New York ; the De la Vergne. of New York ; and the Sturges electric motocycle, of Chicago. The Roger motocycle, with a view to giving it a long distance test, was started from New York to Chicago by road on November 15 ; but it was stalled by snow when it reached Schenectady. Two of the machines covered the distance fixed for the race ; the first being the design of an American in-ventor, Charles E. Duryea, of Springfield, Mass. His vehicle, a gasoline motocycle, covered the fifty-four miles in 10 hours and 23 minutes ; a really creditable feat, when we consider the wretched state of the roads. The H. Mueller, also an American machine, was second, making the journey in 1 hour 35 minutes longer time. The D'.-; la Vergne, the Morris & Salom, and the
 Race-Dec 7 1895, The Duryea Wins_11-17_files/Scientific-American-1895-Dec-7-1895-pg-355-top.jpeg)
 Race-Dec 7 1895, The Duryea Wins_11-17_files/Scientific-American-1895-Dec-7-1895-pg-355-bot.jpeg)
pg 355 fix
Scientific American. DECEMBER 7, 1895
The Duryea Motocycle As shown in the illustration,
the Duryea motocycle is certainly an elegant " turnout," and for looks it could hold its own with the average horse carriage of to-day. Undoubtedly the motocycle has come to stay. For private use, as compared with the horse carriage, it has many points in its favor. The space required for stabling would be merely that occupied by its own bulk; and its running expenses would be limited to the fuel consumed and such repairs as might occasion-ally be required. We think that this new means of transportation is destined to play an important part in the question of city traffic. In the main thoroughfares of the larger cities traffic is badly congested. The adoption of the motocycle will largely relieve this, for the reason that it occupies only about one-half the space of the horseless carriage; moreover, it turns in a much smaller circle, and is in every way more flexible in a crowd-ed thoroughfare. The metaphorical allusion to a flow of water in speaking of city traffic is well chosen. The " stream of traffic" is subject to the same laws as any fluid moving in a fixed channel. The more easily the particles ad-just themselves to each other, the more rapid will be the flow, other things being equal. Nothing hinders the flow of traffic so much as a line of vehicles mov-ing on a fixed track and having the right of way over other traffic. If such a thoroughfare as Broadway, in New York City, were asphalted from end to end, and its vehicular traffic carried on by various forms of the
Sturges electrical machine made no effort to cover any great part of the course. The R. H. Macy had toretire after covering half the distance on account of broken running gear. Although it is to be regretted that the recent storm should have spoiled this most interesting contest as regards the number of contestants and the rapidity with which the course was covered, we must bear in mind that the great severity of the test speaks all the more favorably for the excellence of the vehicles which completed the journey. The storm of a day or two previous had completely paralyzed vehicular transportation in the very district where the Duryea motocycle completed a fifty-four mile journey at a five mile gait, and came in to the winning post none the worse for the trying ordeal. No better proof could be given of the all-round ex-cellence of this vehicle. The greatest care must have been exercised in the proportioning of parts, and the general setting up, both of the motor and car-riage, to enable it to battle for ten hours against the combined obstacles of mud and snow. It is, moreover, greatly to the credit of the manu-facturers that all this strength should have been ob-tained without the sacrifice of general appearance.
THE CHICAGO TIMES-HERALD MOTOR RACE.
It was extremely unfortunate that the weather should have interfered so seriously with the Chicago Times-Herald motocycle contest, which came off at that city on Thanksgiving Day. The recent storm had left the roads heavy with snow and mud. We are told that for miles on the west side the boulevards were unbroken fields of snowbanks and slush." Six ma-chines lined up for the start : The Duryea, of Spring-field, Mass.; the Morris & Salom electrobat, of Phila-delphia; the H. Mueller motocycle, of Decatur, Ill.; the R. H. Macy, of New York ; the De la Vergne. of New York ; and the Sturges electric motocycle, of Chicago. The Roger motocycle, with a view to giving it a long distance test, was started from New York to Chicago by road on November 15 ; but it was stalled by snow when it reached Schenectady. Two of the machines covered the distance fixed for the race ; the first being the design of an American in-ventor, Charles E. Duryea, of Springfield, Mass. His vehicle, a gasoline motocycle, covered the fifty-four miles in 10 hours and 23 minutes ; a really creditable feat, when we consider the wretched state of the roads. The H. Mueller, also an American machine, was second, making the journey in 1 hour 35 minutes longer time. The D'.-; la Vergne, the Morris & Salom, and the
Scientific American. DECEMBER 7, 1895
The Duryea Motocycle As shown in the illustration,
the Duryea motocycle is certainly an elegant " turnout," and for looks it could hold its own with the average horse carriage of to-day. Undoubtedly the motocycle has come to stay. For private use, as compared with the horse carriage, it has many points in its favor. The space required for stabling would be merely that occupied by its own bulk; and its running expenses would be limited to the fuel consumed and such repairs as might occasion-ally be required. We think that this new means of transportation is destined to play an important part in the question of city traffic. In the main thoroughfares of the larger cities traffic is badly congested. The adoption of the motocycle will largely relieve this, for the reason that it occupies only about one-half the space of the horseless carriage; moreover, it turns in a much smaller circle, and is in every way more flexible in a crowd-ed thoroughfare. The metaphorical allusion to a flow of water in speaking of city traffic is well chosen. The " stream of traffic" is subject to the same laws as any fluid moving in a fixed channel. The more easily the particles ad-just themselves to each other, the more rapid will be the flow, other things being equal. Nothing hinders the flow of traffic so much as a line of vehicles mov-ing on a fixed track and having the right of way over other traffic. If such a thoroughfare as Broadway, in New York City, were asphalted from end to end, and its vehicular traffic carried on by various forms of the
Sturges electrical machine made no effort to cover any great part of the course. The R. H. Macy had toretire after covering half the distance on account of broken running gear. Although it is to be regretted that the recent storm should have spoiled this most interesting contest as regards the number of contestants and the rapidity with which the course was covered, we must bear in mind that the great severity of the test speaks all the more favorably for the excellence of the vehicles which completed the journey. The storm of a day or two previous had completely paralyzed vehicular transportation in the very district where the Duryea motocycle completed a fifty-four mile journey at a five mile gait, and came in to the winning post none the worse for the trying ordeal. No better proof could be given of the all-round ex-cellence of this vehicle. The greatest care must have been exercised in the proportioning of parts, and the general setting up, both of the motor and car-riage, to enable it to battle for ten hours against the combined obstacles of mud and snow. It is, moreover, greatly to the credit of the manu-facturers that all this strength should have been ob-tained without the sacrifice of general appearance.
THE CHICAGO TIMES-HERALD MOTOR RACE.
It was extremely unfortunate that the weather should have interfered so seriously with the Chicago Times-Herald motocycle contest, which came off at that city on Thanksgiving Day. The recent storm had left the roads heavy with snow and mud. We are told that for miles on the west side the boulevards were unbroken fields of snowbanks and slush." Six ma-chines lined up for the start : The Duryea, of Spring-field, Mass.; the Morris & Salom electrobat, of Phila-delphia; the H. Mueller motocycle, of Decatur, Ill.; the R. H. Macy, of New York ; the De la Vergne. of New York ; and the Sturges electric motocycle, of Chicago. The Roger motocycle, with a view to giving it a long distance test, was started from New York to Chicago by road on November 15 ; but it was stalled by snow when it reached Schenectady. Two of the machines covered the distance fixed for the race ; the first being the design of an American in-ventor, Charles E. Duryea, of Springfield, Mass. His vehicle, a gasoline motocycle, covered the fifty-four miles in 10 hours and 23 minutes ; a really creditable feat, when we consider the wretched state of the roads. The H. Mueller, also an American machine, was second, making the journey in 1 hour 35 minutes longer time. The D'.-; la Vergne, the Morris & Salom, and the
pg 356 fix it
356 [DECEMBER 7, 1895 THE CHAIN SAW MORTISER. (Continued from first page.) simple depression of the foot throws the belts and the table moves upward, pressing or rather feeding the work against the rotating chain. As fast as the ta-ble lifts the work the chain cuts into the wood until the limit of the depth is reached and the feed auto-matically ceases, the table is dropped and the work can be moved or shifted, the mortise being made ab-solutely complete by this operation. It will be seen that a constant rush of chips must ensue upon the operation of the rapidly moving chain. Photographic Mordants. BY JEAN HELOUIS AND CHARLES DE SAINT-PERE. This process allows to fix upon tissues, by the aid of the light, mordant dyeing dyestuffs, so as to produce designs or photographs upon the tissues by simple dye-ing. After carefully cleaning the material by the usual processes, it is dipped into the solution of a sub-stance which is sensitive to the action of light and sus-ceptible of leaving a basic metallic oxide upon the fiber such as : the alkaline chromates and bichroinates which leave a brown chromium oxide (ammoniacal sodium chromate, ammoniacal potassium chromate, These are thrown almost vertically upward to be bichromate of potash, of soda and of ammonia) ; the caught by a hood bent over the upper sprocket wheel, highest degrees of iron salts (perchlorids, oxalates. from which hood opens the suction aperture of a small citrates, tartrates, bioxalates, bicitrates and bitar-fan. The chips are drawn into the fan, which expels Crates of iron) ; the uranium salts, especially nitrate of them by a pipe. For different mortises, chains and uranium ; and the salts of copper, especially perchlorid. feeder bars of different widths are provided. In hard service a chain runs two weeks or without sharpening. The sharpening ik cuted by an emery (or carborundum) gri the curve of the face of which is so regu as to cause a slight protrusion of the corners of the teeth, in ord3r to give the the proper bite. It is computed by absol disinterested parties that one chain saw tiser will replace and do the work of th five ordinary machines. Every conceivable contingency is pro for in the machine, The action is so purely cutting one that it never splits the wood and can work in the most resinous kind of Georgia pine, in hardest hickory and elm or in smooth white pine with equal facility. For hard wood it is computed that it will sink a mortise with five or six times the rapidity of the ordinary machine. It never splits the wood and a mor-tise can be made so as to leave hardly the thickness of a piece of paper between the aper-ture and the side of the wood without split-ting. The machine is manufactured in a large and well equipped plant at New Britain, Conn.. and the general agent is Mr. Sidney B. Whiteside, No. 139 Liberty Street, New York City. The machine can be seen in operation in numer-ous representative woodworking factories, among them the works of the Bradley & Cur-rier Company of this city. more 3 exe-nder, lated outer chain utely mor-ree to vided Improved Arms for the National Guard, New York State. The New York State Board of Examiners, consisting of Albert D. Shaw, Eliphalet W. Bliss and Robert H. Thurston, appointed to select an improved magazine breech.-loading rifle for the Nativill Guard of the State of mordant dyeing dyestuffs, as usual.—Mon. d. 1. Teint.; Textile Colorist. Melting Points of Metals. Pictet remarks that pure metals with high melt-ing points, such as platinum, iron, copper, and gold, are all comparatively strong, and that, conversely, metals having low melting points—zinc, lead, bismuth, and tin—are relatively weak ; that metals with high melting points must necessarily be coherent and tenacious, because much heal is required to drive their molecules apart in reducing them to the liquid mobile state in which the molecules have very small coherence, and therefore at ordinary temperatures much force must be applied to overcome the cohesion of the mole-cules and break the mass. On the other hand, in metals with low melting points a, slight elevation of temperature will overcome the nadecular cohe-sion and render them liquid, that is, will melt them. Such metals will be weak, because if little heat is required to melt the metal, less force will be needed to tear it apart ; hence melting point and tenacity are clearly connect-ed. It is also shown that the tenacity of pure metals and alloys is greatly increased by ex-treme cold, that is, by the closer approximation of their molecules, proving that metals become stronger at temperatures furthest removed from their melting point. Do Bird,* newton In the spring of 181)4 I put up two high poles in my yard ; at the top of these 1 placed two boxes, each containing two compartments ; one of these poles was intended for my old associates the purple martins (P. purpurea) who generally arrived between the middle and last week of April ; to sojourn with us until the fall reminds them of their autumn migration south ward. The other pole was for the occupation of my little friends the wrens (T. aedon), who arrived a little earlier than their above neighbors. The wrens (two pairs) duly arrived, and after closely inspecting every knot hole and crevice to be found, in or about the outhouses and barn, finally selected the box appointed for them ; which, although a new one to them, occupied the place. of an old one, which had. been taken down the previous winter ; and in which they had nested for some years. They rapidly commenced work, and soon nu merous sticks adorned their respective com-partments ; when suddenly a pair of English sparrows (P. domestic us) put in an appear-ance, and driving away its occupants, took forcible possession of both compartments. The Scientific American. DECEMBER 7, 1895
machine can be seen in operation in numer-ous representative woodworking factories, among them the works of the Bradley & Cur-rier Company of this city. Improved Arms for the National Guard, New York State. The New York State Board of Examiners, consisting of Albert D. Shaw, Eliphalet W. Bliss and Robert H. Thurston, appointed to select an improved magazine breech-loading rifle for the National Guard of the State of New York, in accordance with the terms of. Chapter 600 of the laws of 1895, gives notice that it will, on or before Tuesday, December 17, 1895, accept for examination and test, in compliance with the terms of said act, any magazine breech-loading rifle of American in-vention and manufacture, subject to such rules as may be prescribed in conformity with said act, due notice of which hereafter to be given. Said rifle may be delivered to the board or its representative at the office of the board, No. 17 Adams Street, in the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., on or before the 17th of December next. No-tice of the time of examination and test and the methods to be adopted will be made later. Guns offered for test must be shipped at owner's risk and expense, each in a wooden case with hinged lid fastened with two suitable padlocks of different combination, each lock to have two keys, the keys of one to be retained by the owner, the others to be delivered to the secretary of the board when the case is received by him ; all cases containing guns to remain in the custody of the board of examiners and J. 411 at its disposal until the examination and test shall have been completed. No gun will be received without satisfactory proof that it is of American invention and manufacture ; and every applicant will be required to furnish reasonable guarantee of compliance with the conditions contem-plated by the law and the regulations made in pursu-ance thereof. Prinlin in Several Colors. According to F. Barnwell, Manchester, England, ordinary printing inks are treated with three mixtures successively. The first contains castor oil, turpentine, glycerine, oil of tar, and copaiba balsam ; the second consists of sulphuric ether and chloroform; the third of liquid ammonia, spirits of ammonia (arom.), and ipecacuanha. After pouring off any liquid, the ink is ready for use. Inks of various colors so prepared may be used side by side on the same inking roller without in the least flowing sideways and mixing with one another, and thus several colors may be/printed in one impression. DETAILS OF CHAIN AND FEEDER BAR. The salts of gold, silver and platinum, although sensi-tive to the rays of light, are not available, because the finely divided metal which they leave upon the fiber has no affinity for dyestuffs. The material is in the dark impregnated with one of the above named salts, or a mixture of them, is dried likewise in the dark, and then under a photographic negative for a suitable time exposed to the light, when an image is formed, whose color and intensity vary according to the nature of the salt used. The tissue is then washed, in ordi-nary water acidulated with hydrochloric or sulphur-ous acid, for the alkaline chromates and bichromates, when the brown oxide, which has little affinity to dye-stuffs, is transformed into a green oxide, which is a powerful mordant ; or in ordinary water for the salts of uranium, iron, copper, etc. The materials can thus be dyed at once, or may be dried and put away until wanted to be dyed, either with natural or artificial to be found, in or about the outhouses and barn, finally selected the box appointed for them ; which, although a new one to them, occupied the place, of an old one, which had-been taken down the previous winter ; and in which they had nested for some years. They rapidly commenced work, and soon nu-merous sticks adorned their respective com-partments ; when suddenly a, pair of English sparrows (P. dotnesticus) put in an appear-ance, and driving away its occupants, took forcible possession of both compartments. The wrens retreated and disappeared, but in the short time of ten minutes returned with rein-forcements, consisting of about seven or eight other wrens, who after a sharp conflict drove the intruders from the field. The sparrows, in about fifteen minutes, also returned, they in their turn having picked up about ten recruits, and vigorously attacked and put to flight the whole army of wrens. While attentively watching the battle, and considering it about time for my interference, I noticed a wren slip over my birdhouse, and enter one of the compartments of the martin box, which was upon a much higher pole, and distant about ten yards from their pole, upon whose box the victorious sparrows were chip-pering and showing every sign of victory. The wren soon stole away and disappeared, and one of the female martins came out of its compartments, and was soon joined by the other female ; in a few minutes the male mart ins arrived very closely together, and utter-ing a few notes all four charged the sparrows, and in a minute or two had completely routed the aggressors, who never returned ; the mar-tins returned to their box, and soon the four wrens came back, and settled down happily. I thought this was a clear case of bird sense, and bird language on the wrens' part ; for finding they could not hold their own, appealed to their neighbor-ing wrens first, but where they found them so quickly I could not say, for I only knew of one nest, about two hundreds yards distant, also their shrewd policy, when the enemy was reinforced, in applying for help to their powerful neighbors. The martins attacked the sparrows in a similar way that bee martins employ in fighting hawks or other birds who approach their nests.—E. Kroy, in the Museum. An Immense Flywheel. An immense flywheel, twenty-eight feet'in diameter, having a face four feet broad, and weighing 180,000 pounds, is on its way from Philadelphia to Joliet, Ill. It is being transported in two sections, on two cars built for the purpose.
356 [DECEMBER 7, 1895 THE CHAIN SAW MORTISER. (Continued from first page.) simple depression of the foot throws the belts and the table moves upward, pressing or rather feeding the work against the rotating chain. As fast as the ta-ble lifts the work the chain cuts into the wood until the limit of the depth is reached and the feed auto-matically ceases, the table is dropped and the work can be moved or shifted, the mortise being made ab-solutely complete by this operation. It will be seen that a constant rush of chips must ensue upon the operation of the rapidly moving chain. Photographic Mordants. BY JEAN HELOUIS AND CHARLES DE SAINT-PERE. This process allows to fix upon tissues, by the aid of the light, mordant dyeing dyestuffs, so as to produce designs or photographs upon the tissues by simple dye-ing. After carefully cleaning the material by the usual processes, it is dipped into the solution of a sub-stance which is sensitive to the action of light and sus-ceptible of leaving a basic metallic oxide upon the fiber such as : the alkaline chromates and bichroinates which leave a brown chromium oxide (ammoniacal sodium chromate, ammoniacal potassium chromate, These are thrown almost vertically upward to be bichromate of potash, of soda and of ammonia) ; the caught by a hood bent over the upper sprocket wheel, highest degrees of iron salts (perchlorids, oxalates. from which hood opens the suction aperture of a small citrates, tartrates, bioxalates, bicitrates and bitar-fan. The chips are drawn into the fan, which expels Crates of iron) ; the uranium salts, especially nitrate of them by a pipe. For different mortises, chains and uranium ; and the salts of copper, especially perchlorid. feeder bars of different widths are provided. In hard service a chain runs two weeks or without sharpening. The sharpening ik cuted by an emery (or carborundum) gri the curve of the face of which is so regu as to cause a slight protrusion of the corners of the teeth, in ord3r to give the the proper bite. It is computed by absol disinterested parties that one chain saw tiser will replace and do the work of th five ordinary machines. Every conceivable contingency is pro for in the machine, The action is so purely cutting one that it never splits the wood and can work in the most resinous kind of Georgia pine, in hardest hickory and elm or in smooth white pine with equal facility. For hard wood it is computed that it will sink a mortise with five or six times the rapidity of the ordinary machine. It never splits the wood and a mor-tise can be made so as to leave hardly the thickness of a piece of paper between the aper-ture and the side of the wood without split-ting. The machine is manufactured in a large and well equipped plant at New Britain, Conn.. and the general agent is Mr. Sidney B. Whiteside, No. 139 Liberty Street, New York City. The machine can be seen in operation in numer-ous representative woodworking factories, among them the works of the Bradley & Cur-rier Company of this city. more 3 exe-nder, lated outer chain utely mor-ree to vided Improved Arms for the National Guard, New York State. The New York State Board of Examiners, consisting of Albert D. Shaw, Eliphalet W. Bliss and Robert H. Thurston, appointed to select an improved magazine breech.-loading rifle for the Nativill Guard of the State of mordant dyeing dyestuffs, as usual.—Mon. d. 1. Teint.; Textile Colorist. Melting Points of Metals. Pictet remarks that pure metals with high melt-ing points, such as platinum, iron, copper, and gold, are all comparatively strong, and that, conversely, metals having low melting points—zinc, lead, bismuth, and tin—are relatively weak ; that metals with high melting points must necessarily be coherent and tenacious, because much heal is required to drive their molecules apart in reducing them to the liquid mobile state in which the molecules have very small coherence, and therefore at ordinary temperatures much force must be applied to overcome the cohesion of the mole-cules and break the mass. On the other hand, in metals with low melting points a, slight elevation of temperature will overcome the nadecular cohe-sion and render them liquid, that is, will melt them. Such metals will be weak, because if little heat is required to melt the metal, less force will be needed to tear it apart ; hence melting point and tenacity are clearly connect-ed. It is also shown that the tenacity of pure metals and alloys is greatly increased by ex-treme cold, that is, by the closer approximation of their molecules, proving that metals become stronger at temperatures furthest removed from their melting point. Do Bird,* newton In the spring of 181)4 I put up two high poles in my yard ; at the top of these 1 placed two boxes, each containing two compartments ; one of these poles was intended for my old associates the purple martins (P. purpurea) who generally arrived between the middle and last week of April ; to sojourn with us until the fall reminds them of their autumn migration south ward. The other pole was for the occupation of my little friends the wrens (T. aedon), who arrived a little earlier than their above neighbors. The wrens (two pairs) duly arrived, and after closely inspecting every knot hole and crevice to be found, in or about the outhouses and barn, finally selected the box appointed for them ; which, although a new one to them, occupied the place. of an old one, which had. been taken down the previous winter ; and in which they had nested for some years. They rapidly commenced work, and soon nu merous sticks adorned their respective com-partments ; when suddenly a pair of English sparrows (P. domestic us) put in an appear-ance, and driving away its occupants, took forcible possession of both compartments. The Scientific American. DECEMBER 7, 1895
machine can be seen in operation in numer-ous representative woodworking factories, among them the works of the Bradley & Cur-rier Company of this city. Improved Arms for the National Guard, New York State. The New York State Board of Examiners, consisting of Albert D. Shaw, Eliphalet W. Bliss and Robert H. Thurston, appointed to select an improved magazine breech-loading rifle for the National Guard of the State of New York, in accordance with the terms of. Chapter 600 of the laws of 1895, gives notice that it will, on or before Tuesday, December 17, 1895, accept for examination and test, in compliance with the terms of said act, any magazine breech-loading rifle of American in-vention and manufacture, subject to such rules as may be prescribed in conformity with said act, due notice of which hereafter to be given. Said rifle may be delivered to the board or its representative at the office of the board, No. 17 Adams Street, in the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., on or before the 17th of December next. No-tice of the time of examination and test and the methods to be adopted will be made later. Guns offered for test must be shipped at owner's risk and expense, each in a wooden case with hinged lid fastened with two suitable padlocks of different combination, each lock to have two keys, the keys of one to be retained by the owner, the others to be delivered to the secretary of the board when the case is received by him ; all cases containing guns to remain in the custody of the board of examiners and J. 411 at its disposal until the examination and test shall have been completed. No gun will be received without satisfactory proof that it is of American invention and manufacture ; and every applicant will be required to furnish reasonable guarantee of compliance with the conditions contem-plated by the law and the regulations made in pursu-ance thereof. Prinlin in Several Colors. According to F. Barnwell, Manchester, England, ordinary printing inks are treated with three mixtures successively. The first contains castor oil, turpentine, glycerine, oil of tar, and copaiba balsam ; the second consists of sulphuric ether and chloroform; the third of liquid ammonia, spirits of ammonia (arom.), and ipecacuanha. After pouring off any liquid, the ink is ready for use. Inks of various colors so prepared may be used side by side on the same inking roller without in the least flowing sideways and mixing with one another, and thus several colors may be/printed in one impression. DETAILS OF CHAIN AND FEEDER BAR. The salts of gold, silver and platinum, although sensi-tive to the rays of light, are not available, because the finely divided metal which they leave upon the fiber has no affinity for dyestuffs. The material is in the dark impregnated with one of the above named salts, or a mixture of them, is dried likewise in the dark, and then under a photographic negative for a suitable time exposed to the light, when an image is formed, whose color and intensity vary according to the nature of the salt used. The tissue is then washed, in ordi-nary water acidulated with hydrochloric or sulphur-ous acid, for the alkaline chromates and bichromates, when the brown oxide, which has little affinity to dye-stuffs, is transformed into a green oxide, which is a powerful mordant ; or in ordinary water for the salts of uranium, iron, copper, etc. The materials can thus be dyed at once, or may be dried and put away until wanted to be dyed, either with natural or artificial to be found, in or about the outhouses and barn, finally selected the box appointed for them ; which, although a new one to them, occupied the place, of an old one, which had-been taken down the previous winter ; and in which they had nested for some years. They rapidly commenced work, and soon nu-merous sticks adorned their respective com-partments ; when suddenly a, pair of English sparrows (P. dotnesticus) put in an appear-ance, and driving away its occupants, took forcible possession of both compartments. The wrens retreated and disappeared, but in the short time of ten minutes returned with rein-forcements, consisting of about seven or eight other wrens, who after a sharp conflict drove the intruders from the field. The sparrows, in about fifteen minutes, also returned, they in their turn having picked up about ten recruits, and vigorously attacked and put to flight the whole army of wrens. While attentively watching the battle, and considering it about time for my interference, I noticed a wren slip over my birdhouse, and enter one of the compartments of the martin box, which was upon a much higher pole, and distant about ten yards from their pole, upon whose box the victorious sparrows were chip-pering and showing every sign of victory. The wren soon stole away and disappeared, and one of the female martins came out of its compartments, and was soon joined by the other female ; in a few minutes the male mart ins arrived very closely together, and utter-ing a few notes all four charged the sparrows, and in a minute or two had completely routed the aggressors, who never returned ; the mar-tins returned to their box, and soon the four wrens came back, and settled down happily. I thought this was a clear case of bird sense, and bird language on the wrens' part ; for finding they could not hold their own, appealed to their neighbor-ing wrens first, but where they found them so quickly I could not say, for I only knew of one nest, about two hundreds yards distant, also their shrewd policy, when the enemy was reinforced, in applying for help to their powerful neighbors. The martins attacked the sparrows in a similar way that bee martins employ in fighting hawks or other birds who approach their nests.—E. Kroy, in the Museum. An Immense Flywheel. An immense flywheel, twenty-eight feet'in diameter, having a face four feet broad, and weighing 180,000 pounds, is on its way from Philadelphia to Joliet, Ill. It is being transported in two sections, on two cars built for the purpose.
pg 357
DECEMBER 7, 1895.1 Sftientifit American. THE CHICAGO MOTOCYCLE RACE. In 1894 a great impetus was given to the automobile carriage by a competition organized in Paris by the Petit Journal. The course was from Paris to Rouen, 75 miles, and the prizes amounted to $2,000. Fifteen competitors started in the race, the best time being 5 hours and 40 minutes. On June 11, 1895, occurred another race in France, for prizes aggregating $8,000. The course measured 727 miles, and was from Paris to Bordeaux and return. Sixty-six vehicles competed, and the best time was made by a petroleum carriage, which made the entire journey in 2 days and 53 min-utes, or at the rate of 14.9 miles an hour. With a laudable intent to awaken widespread inter-est in the motocycle, two papers offered last July sub-stantial prizes aggregating $10,000 to be competed for by horseless vehicles. The Chicago Times-Herald offered $5,000 in four prizes for the winners in the race of November 2, and the Engineer of London offered about $5,000 for a race to be held in England Under the existing law in England, which prohibits the use of steam carriages on the roads at a greater speed than four miles per hour, no adequate competitive trial could take place, but a repeal of the law is confidently expected, so that allowing time for necessary legislation the competition can scarcely take place at an earlier date than October, 1896. No vehicle must weigh over two tons, the limit being fixed by the Shaw-Lefevre over three weeks, only six contestants started on Thanksgiving day morning, November 28. It is pro-bable the terrible storm just preceding the day fixed for the trial and the accumulation of snow and mud deterred many from appearing. The route selected was as follows : Midway Plaisance, Washington Park, Fifty-fifth Street Boulevard, Michigan Boulevard, Rush Street, Lake Shore Drive through Lincoln Park, the Sheri-dan Drive and Kehmore Avenue to Evanston ; thence THE CHICAGO MOTOCYCLE (Automobile The Duryea wins Yea) RACE.
In 1894 a great impetus was given to the automobile carriage by a competition organized in Paris by the Petit Journal. The course was from Paris to Rouen, 75 miles, and the prizes amounted to $2,000. Fifteen competitors started in the race, the best time being 5 hours and 40 minutes. On June 11, 1895, occurred another race in France, for prizes aggregating $8,000. The course measured 727 miles, and was from Paris to Bordeaux and return. Sixty-six vehicles competed, and the best time was made by a petroleum carriage, which made the entire journey in 2 days and 53 min-utes, or at the rate of 14.9 miles an hour. With a laudable intent to awaken widespread inter-est in the motocycle, two papers offered last July sub-stantial prizes aggregating $10,000 to be competed for by horseless vehicles. The Chicago Times-Herald offered $5,000 in four prizes for the winners in the race of November 2, and the Engineer of London offered about $5,000 for a race to be held in England Under the existing law in England, which prohibits the use of steam carriages on the roads at a greater speed than four miles per hour, no adequate competitive trial could take place, but a repeal of the law is confidently expected, so that allowing time for necessary legislation the competition can scarcely take place at an earlier date than October, 1896. No vehicle must weigh over two tons, the limit being fixed by the Shaw-Lefevre over three weeks, only six contestants started on Thanksgiving day morning, November 28. It is pro-bable the terrible storm just preceding the day fixed for the trial and the accumulation of snow and mud deterred many from appearing. The route selected was as follows : Midway Plaisance, Washington Park, Fifty-fifth Street Boulevard, Michigan Boulevard, Rush Street, Lake Shore Drive through Lincoln Park, the Sheri-dan Drive and Kehmore Avenue to Evanston ; thence
THE DURYEA FIRST PRIZE MOTOR WAGON cont
bill, which was introduced during the last Parliament. When the Times-Herald first made its offer, it was feared that the time was too short for American in-ventors to construct motocycles which would stand a fair trial when compared with the skilled construefion of the most experienced French and German makers. This prediction was fulfilled, for out of nearly one hun-dred machines entered, and after a postponement of
of November 2, and the Engineer of London offered about $5,000 for a race to be held in England Tinder the existing law in England, which prohibits the use of steam carriages on the roads at a greater speed than four miles per hour, no adequate competitive trial could take place, but a repeal of the law is confidently expected, so that allowing time for necessary legislation the competition can scarcely take place at an earlier date than October, 1896. No vehicle must weigh over two tons, the limit being fixed by the Shaw-Lefevre
a veritable blizzard, which alLost entirely cut off the city from telegraphic communication, crippled rail-roads, and brought the cable and trolley cars to a standstill. The streets were choked .with snow, which was soon mixed with the accumulations of dirt, until they became well nigh impassable. The snow was 12 inches deep in places. It was in the midst of this city of snow and slush that six motocycles started for their race at 8:55 A. M. on Thanksgiving morning. The vehicles competing were : The Duryea motor carriage, of Springfield, Mass.; the Morris & Salmi electrobat, of Philadelphia, Pa.; the Benz-Mueller mo-tocycle, entered by Mr. H. Mueller, of Decatur, Ill.; the Roger motocycle and the De la Vergne moto-cycle, of New York ; and the Sturges electric moto-cycle, of Chicago. The course was fifty-four miles long. The De la Vergne machine quit at Sixteenth Street ; the Mor-ris & Salom electrobat and the Sturges electric motocycle made short runs and then dropped out of the race. Both the electric vehicles returned in good condition and made a good showing un-der the circumstances. The Roger • machine broke its running gear when half of the course was covered and lost the race. The probable winner of the first prize was the Charles E. Duryea gaso-line motocycle, which made the fifty-four mile run in ten hours and twenty-three minutes. The Benz-Mueller moto-cycle came in second, covering the course in eleven hours and fifty-. eight minutes. Consider-ing the condition of the roads, this showing was very satisfactory. An en-graving of this machine will be found in our paper of November 16, 1895. The prizes offered were as fol-lows : First prize—$2,000 and a gold medal, the same being open to competition to the world. Second prize—$1,500, with a stipulation that in tli`e event the first prize is awarded to a vehicle of forei"
357 A LIGHTNING AND HEAVY CURRENT ARRESTER. The illustration represents a current arrester, charge grounder, open-circuit, alarm, and automatic live wire tester, patented by Miller R. Hutchison, of No. 18 North Commerce Street, Mobile, Ala. It is intended to protect telegraph, telephone, fire alarm, call bell, and all low-pot entia I instruments that are liable to damage from lightning :11111 live wires, giving notice by an alarm bell of the passage of a heavy current, and de- BEilarit HUTCHISON'S CURRENT ARRESTER. termining whether it is due to a stroke of lightning or a continuing and dangerous current from a live wire of high potential. The ordinary line current, enter-ing the instrument at a binding post, passes by wire into jaws on the base of the instrument,thence through a bar constituting a drag switch and into a support, and through an upright and wire to the metal bear-ing in which is journaled a spring-actuated pivoted shunt bar, the limit of the motion of which is indicated by the dotted lines. From the shunt bar the current passes to a pivoted armature lever normally held out of contact with the magnet by a spiral spring, the bot-tom end of the magnet wire I3eing also connected with the bearing in.which the armature lever is journaled and the magnet being connected with a ground wire. When a live wire or heavy charge of lightning strikes the line wire, the magnet attracts the armature lever to free the shunt bar from its catch at the other end of the lever, when, the shunt bar springs over to thc J4711 by the AN IMPROVED STEAM CONDENSER. The illustration represents a simple and inexpensive condenser designed to condense exhaust steam at a rel-atively high temperature, thus obviating excessive back pressure on the engine piston. The improve-ment has been patented by Michael and James V. Spelman and William H. Graves, of Shreveport, La. The shell of the condenser is formed of two parts, united by flanges and bolts, and within its lower part is an inverted cone receiving vessel having an over-flow pipe delivering into the bottom of the shell. Above the receiver is an inverted cone perforated distributer, supported by the upper part of the shell immediately be-low a deflecting cone wherein slides a vertical perforated tube, to more or less fully close the outlet from the condenser. The exhaust pipe delivers into the con-denser centrally at the bottom (the drain pipe leading from one side), and the entering steam is directed up-ward in divided currents until it strikes the deflecting cone at the top, when it is forced downward through the distributer, to be further divided and thrown evenly throughout the whole upper part of the shell, causing it to condense rapidly, and the water of con-densation being caught by the receiver and flowing out through the drain pipe. SPELMANS & GRAVES' STEAM CONDENSER. south on Clark Street and Ashland Avenue to Roscoe Street and Western Avenue, west on Belmont Ave-nue, southeast on Milwaukee Avenue to Humboldt Boulevard and through Humboldt, Garfield and Douglas Parks to Western Avenue Boulevard, east on Fifty-fifth Street boulevard and Washington Park to Jackson Park and the Mid way. - Three days before the race, Chicago was visited with a veritable blizzard, which almost entirely cut off the city from telegraphic communication, crippled rail-roads, and brought the cable and trolley cars to a standstill. The streets were choked with snow, which was soon mixed with the accumulations of dirt, until they became well nigh impassable. The snow was 12 inches deep in places. It was in the midst of this city of snow and slush that six motocycles started for their race at 8:55 A. M. on Thanksgiving morning. The vehicles competing were : The Duryea motor . rriafro_ of Snri lipid DECEMBER 7, 1895 Scientific American. pg 357 A LIGHTNING AND HEAVY CURRENT ARRESTER. The illustration represents a current arrester, charge grounder, open-circuit, alarm, and automatic live wire tester, patented by Miller R. Hutchison, of No. 18 North Commerce Street, Mobile, Ala. It is intended to protect telegraph, telephone, fire alarm, call bell, and all low-pot entia I instruments that are liable to damage from lightning :11111 live wires, giving notice by an alarm bell of the passage of a heavy current, and de- HUTCHISON'S CURRENT ARRESTER. termining whether it is due to a stroke of lightning or a continuing and dangerous current from a live wire of high potential. The ordinary line current, enter-ing the instrument at a binding post, passes by wire into jaws on the base of the instrument,thence through a bar constituting a drag switch and into a support, and through an upright and wire to the metal bear-ing in which is journaled a spring-actuated pivoted shunt bar, the limit of the motion of which is indicated by the dotted lines. From the shunt bar the current passes to a pivoted armature lever normally held out of contact with the magnet by a spiral spring, the bot-tom end of the magnet wire I3eing also connected with the bearing in.which the armature lever is journaled and the magnet being connected with a ground wire. When a live wire or heavy charge of lightning strikes the line wire, the magnet attracts the armature lever to free the shunt bar from its catch at the other end of the lever, when, the shunt bar springs over to thc AN IMPROVED STEAM CONDENSER. The illustration represents a simple and inexpensive condenser designed to condense exhaust steam at a rel-atively high temperature, thus obviating excessive back pressure on the engine piston. The improve-ment has been patented by Michael and James V. Spelman and William H. Graves, of Shreveport, La. The shell of the condenser is formed of two parts, united by flanges and bolts, and within its lower part is an inverted cone receiving vessel having an over-flow pipe delivering into the bottom of the shell. Above the receiver is an inverted cone perforated distributer, supported by the upper part of the shell immediately be-low a deflecting cone wherein slides a vertical perforated tube, to more or less fully close the outlet from the condenser. The exhaust pipe delivers into the con-denser centrally at the bottom (the drain pipe leading from one side), and the entering steam is directed up-ward in divided currents until it strikes the deflecting cone at the top, when it is forced downward through the distributer, to be further divided and thrown evenly throughout the whole upper part of the shell, causing it to condense rapidly, and the water of con-densation being caught by the receiver and flowing out through the drain pipe. over three weeks, only six contestants started on Thanksgiving day morning, November 28. It is pro-bable the terrible storm just preceding the day fixed for the trial and the accumulation of snow and mud deterred many from appearing. The route selected was as follows : Midway Plaisance, Washington Park, Fifty-fifth Street Boulevard, Michigan Boulevard, Rush Street, Lake Shore Drive through Lincoln Park, the Sheri-dan Drive and Kehmore Avenue to Evanston ; thence SPELMANS & GRAVES' STEAM CONDENSER. south on Clark Street and Ashland Avenue to Roscoe Street and Western Avenue, west on Belmont Ave-nue, southeast on Milwaukee Avenue to Humboldt Boulevard and through Humboldt, Garfield and Douglas Parks to Western Avenue Boulevard, east on Fifty-fifth Street boulevard and Washington Park to Jackson Park and the Mid way. - Three days before the race, Chicago was visited with a veritable blizzard, which almost entirely cut off the city from telegraphic communication, crippled rail-roads, and brought the cable and trolley cars to a standstill. The streets were choked with snow, which was soon mixed with the accumulations of dirt, until they became well nigh impassable. The snow was 12 inches deep in places. It was in the midst of this city of snow and slush that six motocycles started for their race at 8:55 A. M. on Thanksgiving morning. The vehicles competing were : The Duryea motor . rriafro_ of Snri lipid
******************
DECEMBER 7, 1895.1 Sftientifit American. THE CHICAGO MOTOCYCLE RACE. In 1894 a great impetus was given to the automobile carriage by a competition organized in Paris by the Petit Journal. The course was from Paris to Rouen, 75 miles, and the prizes amounted to $2,000. Fifteen competitors started in the race, the best time being 5 hours and 40 minutes. On June 11, 1895, occurred another race in France, for prizes aggregating $8,000. The course measured 727 miles, and was from Paris to Bordeaux and return. Sixty-six vehicles competed, and the best time was made by a petroleum carriage, which made the entire journey in 2 days and 53 min-utes, or at the rate of 14.9 miles an hour. With a laudable intent to awaken widespread inter-est in the motocycle, two papers offered last July sub-stantial prizes aggregating $10,000 to be competed for by horseless vehicles. The Chicago Times-Herald offered $5,000 in four prizes for the winners in the race of November 2, and the Engineer of London offered about $5,000 for a race to be held in England Under the existing law in England, which prohibits the use of steam carriages on the roads at a greater speed than four miles per hour, no adequate competitive trial could take place, but a repeal of the law is confidently expected, so that allowing time for necessary legislation the competition can scarcely take place at an earlier date than October, 1896. No vehicle must weigh over two tons, the limit being fixed by the Shaw-Lefevre over three weeks, only six contestants started on Thanksgiving day morning, November 28. It is pro-bable the terrible storm just preceding the day fixed for the trial and the accumulation of snow and mud deterred many from appearing. The route selected was as follows : Midway Plaisance, Washington Park, Fifty-fifth Street Boulevard, Michigan Boulevard, Rush Street, Lake Shore Drive through Lincoln Park, the Sheri-dan Drive and Kehmore Avenue to Evanston ; thence THE CHICAGO MOTOCYCLE (Automobile The Duryea wins Yea) RACE.
In 1894 a great impetus was given to the automobile carriage by a competition organized in Paris by the Petit Journal. The course was from Paris to Rouen, 75 miles, and the prizes amounted to $2,000. Fifteen competitors started in the race, the best time being 5 hours and 40 minutes. On June 11, 1895, occurred another race in France, for prizes aggregating $8,000. The course measured 727 miles, and was from Paris to Bordeaux and return. Sixty-six vehicles competed, and the best time was made by a petroleum carriage, which made the entire journey in 2 days and 53 min-utes, or at the rate of 14.9 miles an hour. With a laudable intent to awaken widespread inter-est in the motocycle, two papers offered last July sub-stantial prizes aggregating $10,000 to be competed for by horseless vehicles. The Chicago Times-Herald offered $5,000 in four prizes for the winners in the race of November 2, and the Engineer of London offered about $5,000 for a race to be held in England Under the existing law in England, which prohibits the use of steam carriages on the roads at a greater speed than four miles per hour, no adequate competitive trial could take place, but a repeal of the law is confidently expected, so that allowing time for necessary legislation the competition can scarcely take place at an earlier date than October, 1896. No vehicle must weigh over two tons, the limit being fixed by the Shaw-Lefevre over three weeks, only six contestants started on Thanksgiving day morning, November 28. It is pro-bable the terrible storm just preceding the day fixed for the trial and the accumulation of snow and mud deterred many from appearing. The route selected was as follows : Midway Plaisance, Washington Park, Fifty-fifth Street Boulevard, Michigan Boulevard, Rush Street, Lake Shore Drive through Lincoln Park, the Sheri-dan Drive and Kehmore Avenue to Evanston ; thence
THE DURYEA FIRST PRIZE MOTOR WAGON cont
bill, which was introduced during the last Parliament. When the Times-Herald first made its offer, it was feared that the time was too short for American in-ventors to construct motocycles which would stand a fair trial when compared with the skilled construefion of the most experienced French and German makers. This prediction was fulfilled, for out of nearly one hun-dred machines entered, and after a postponement of
of November 2, and the Engineer of London offered about $5,000 for a race to be held in England Tinder the existing law in England, which prohibits the use of steam carriages on the roads at a greater speed than four miles per hour, no adequate competitive trial could take place, but a repeal of the law is confidently expected, so that allowing time for necessary legislation the competition can scarcely take place at an earlier date than October, 1896. No vehicle must weigh over two tons, the limit being fixed by the Shaw-Lefevre
a veritable blizzard, which alLost entirely cut off the city from telegraphic communication, crippled rail-roads, and brought the cable and trolley cars to a standstill. The streets were choked .with snow, which was soon mixed with the accumulations of dirt, until they became well nigh impassable. The snow was 12 inches deep in places. It was in the midst of this city of snow and slush that six motocycles started for their race at 8:55 A. M. on Thanksgiving morning. The vehicles competing were : The Duryea motor carriage, of Springfield, Mass.; the Morris & Salmi electrobat, of Philadelphia, Pa.; the Benz-Mueller mo-tocycle, entered by Mr. H. Mueller, of Decatur, Ill.; the Roger motocycle and the De la Vergne moto-cycle, of New York ; and the Sturges electric moto-cycle, of Chicago. The course was fifty-four miles long. The De la Vergne machine quit at Sixteenth Street ; the Mor-ris & Salom electrobat and the Sturges electric motocycle made short runs and then dropped out of the race. Both the electric vehicles returned in good condition and made a good showing un-der the circumstances. The Roger • machine broke its running gear when half of the course was covered and lost the race. The probable winner of the first prize was the Charles E. Duryea gaso-line motocycle, which made the fifty-four mile run in ten hours and twenty-three minutes. The Benz-Mueller moto-cycle came in second, covering the course in eleven hours and fifty-. eight minutes. Consider-ing the condition of the roads, this showing was very satisfactory. An en-graving of this machine will be found in our paper of November 16, 1895. The prizes offered were as fol-lows : First prize—$2,000 and a gold medal, the same being open to competition to the world. Second prize—$1,500, with a stipulation that in tli`e event the first prize is awarded to a vehicle of forei"
357 A LIGHTNING AND HEAVY CURRENT ARRESTER. The illustration represents a current arrester, charge grounder, open-circuit, alarm, and automatic live wire tester, patented by Miller R. Hutchison, of No. 18 North Commerce Street, Mobile, Ala. It is intended to protect telegraph, telephone, fire alarm, call bell, and all low-pot entia I instruments that are liable to damage from lightning :11111 live wires, giving notice by an alarm bell of the passage of a heavy current, and de- BEilarit HUTCHISON'S CURRENT ARRESTER. termining whether it is due to a stroke of lightning or a continuing and dangerous current from a live wire of high potential. The ordinary line current, enter-ing the instrument at a binding post, passes by wire into jaws on the base of the instrument,thence through a bar constituting a drag switch and into a support, and through an upright and wire to the metal bear-ing in which is journaled a spring-actuated pivoted shunt bar, the limit of the motion of which is indicated by the dotted lines. From the shunt bar the current passes to a pivoted armature lever normally held out of contact with the magnet by a spiral spring, the bot-tom end of the magnet wire I3eing also connected with the bearing in.which the armature lever is journaled and the magnet being connected with a ground wire. When a live wire or heavy charge of lightning strikes the line wire, the magnet attracts the armature lever to free the shunt bar from its catch at the other end of the lever, when, the shunt bar springs over to thc J4711 by the AN IMPROVED STEAM CONDENSER. The illustration represents a simple and inexpensive condenser designed to condense exhaust steam at a rel-atively high temperature, thus obviating excessive back pressure on the engine piston. The improve-ment has been patented by Michael and James V. Spelman and William H. Graves, of Shreveport, La. The shell of the condenser is formed of two parts, united by flanges and bolts, and within its lower part is an inverted cone receiving vessel having an over-flow pipe delivering into the bottom of the shell. Above the receiver is an inverted cone perforated distributer, supported by the upper part of the shell immediately be-low a deflecting cone wherein slides a vertical perforated tube, to more or less fully close the outlet from the condenser. The exhaust pipe delivers into the con-denser centrally at the bottom (the drain pipe leading from one side), and the entering steam is directed up-ward in divided currents until it strikes the deflecting cone at the top, when it is forced downward through the distributer, to be further divided and thrown evenly throughout the whole upper part of the shell, causing it to condense rapidly, and the water of con-densation being caught by the receiver and flowing out through the drain pipe. SPELMANS & GRAVES' STEAM CONDENSER. south on Clark Street and Ashland Avenue to Roscoe Street and Western Avenue, west on Belmont Ave-nue, southeast on Milwaukee Avenue to Humboldt Boulevard and through Humboldt, Garfield and Douglas Parks to Western Avenue Boulevard, east on Fifty-fifth Street boulevard and Washington Park to Jackson Park and the Mid way. - Three days before the race, Chicago was visited with a veritable blizzard, which almost entirely cut off the city from telegraphic communication, crippled rail-roads, and brought the cable and trolley cars to a standstill. The streets were choked with snow, which was soon mixed with the accumulations of dirt, until they became well nigh impassable. The snow was 12 inches deep in places. It was in the midst of this city of snow and slush that six motocycles started for their race at 8:55 A. M. on Thanksgiving morning. The vehicles competing were : The Duryea motor . rriafro_ of Snri lipid DECEMBER 7, 1895 Scientific American. pg 357 A LIGHTNING AND HEAVY CURRENT ARRESTER. The illustration represents a current arrester, charge grounder, open-circuit, alarm, and automatic live wire tester, patented by Miller R. Hutchison, of No. 18 North Commerce Street, Mobile, Ala. It is intended to protect telegraph, telephone, fire alarm, call bell, and all low-pot entia I instruments that are liable to damage from lightning :11111 live wires, giving notice by an alarm bell of the passage of a heavy current, and de- HUTCHISON'S CURRENT ARRESTER. termining whether it is due to a stroke of lightning or a continuing and dangerous current from a live wire of high potential. The ordinary line current, enter-ing the instrument at a binding post, passes by wire into jaws on the base of the instrument,thence through a bar constituting a drag switch and into a support, and through an upright and wire to the metal bear-ing in which is journaled a spring-actuated pivoted shunt bar, the limit of the motion of which is indicated by the dotted lines. From the shunt bar the current passes to a pivoted armature lever normally held out of contact with the magnet by a spiral spring, the bot-tom end of the magnet wire I3eing also connected with the bearing in.which the armature lever is journaled and the magnet being connected with a ground wire. When a live wire or heavy charge of lightning strikes the line wire, the magnet attracts the armature lever to free the shunt bar from its catch at the other end of the lever, when, the shunt bar springs over to thc AN IMPROVED STEAM CONDENSER. The illustration represents a simple and inexpensive condenser designed to condense exhaust steam at a rel-atively high temperature, thus obviating excessive back pressure on the engine piston. The improve-ment has been patented by Michael and James V. Spelman and William H. Graves, of Shreveport, La. The shell of the condenser is formed of two parts, united by flanges and bolts, and within its lower part is an inverted cone receiving vessel having an over-flow pipe delivering into the bottom of the shell. Above the receiver is an inverted cone perforated distributer, supported by the upper part of the shell immediately be-low a deflecting cone wherein slides a vertical perforated tube, to more or less fully close the outlet from the condenser. The exhaust pipe delivers into the con-denser centrally at the bottom (the drain pipe leading from one side), and the entering steam is directed up-ward in divided currents until it strikes the deflecting cone at the top, when it is forced downward through the distributer, to be further divided and thrown evenly throughout the whole upper part of the shell, causing it to condense rapidly, and the water of con-densation being caught by the receiver and flowing out through the drain pipe. over three weeks, only six contestants started on Thanksgiving day morning, November 28. It is pro-bable the terrible storm just preceding the day fixed for the trial and the accumulation of snow and mud deterred many from appearing. The route selected was as follows : Midway Plaisance, Washington Park, Fifty-fifth Street Boulevard, Michigan Boulevard, Rush Street, Lake Shore Drive through Lincoln Park, the Sheri-dan Drive and Kehmore Avenue to Evanston ; thence SPELMANS & GRAVES' STEAM CONDENSER. south on Clark Street and Ashland Avenue to Roscoe Street and Western Avenue, west on Belmont Ave-nue, southeast on Milwaukee Avenue to Humboldt Boulevard and through Humboldt, Garfield and Douglas Parks to Western Avenue Boulevard, east on Fifty-fifth Street boulevard and Washington Park to Jackson Park and the Mid way. - Three days before the race, Chicago was visited with a veritable blizzard, which almost entirely cut off the city from telegraphic communication, crippled rail-roads, and brought the cable and trolley cars to a standstill. The streets were choked with snow, which was soon mixed with the accumulations of dirt, until they became well nigh impassable. The snow was 12 inches deep in places. It was in the midst of this city of snow and slush that six motocycles started for their race at 8:55 A. M. on Thanksgiving morning. The vehicles competing were : The Duryea motor . rriafro_ of Snri lipid
pg 358
Scientific American. DECEMBER 7, 1895
DECEMBER 7, 1895
invention or manufacture, this prize shall go to the most successful American competitor. Third prize—$1,000. Fourth prize—$500. The third and fourth prizes are open to all competi-tor°, foreign and American. We present an illustration of the first prize winner. The Duryea carriage is made by the Duryea Motor Wagon Company, of Springfield, Mass. The Duryea wagon weighs about 700 pounds and is built for either two or four persons. The one shown in the engraving is arranged for two people. It is driven by two three-horse power motors, which use ordinary stove gaso-line, so that the expense of running is less than one-half cent a mile. The wagons have a carrying capacity of eight gal-lons, so that they will run from 100 to 200 miles. The wagon needs recharging with water each day, and both the gasoline and water can be supplied to the wagon in five minutes. The object of the tank of water is, of course, to prevent the motor from over-heating. Its runs backward or forward with equal facility, and has four speeds forward and one speed backward. It can be geared to different speeds to suit the roads of any locality, and may be run at any speed desired below its limit over roads over which ordinary traffic travels. The wheels of the carriage are 34 and 38 inches in diameter and are equipped with 2% inch pneumatic tires, and it is easily governed, be-ing steered and speeded by the same lever, being steered by a sidewise motion of the lever and speeded by a vertical motion. It is provided with a powerful brake, and as its motors are wholly independent, one will propel the carriage even if accident affects the other. As an electric spark explodes the charge, the danger of explosion is reduced to a minimum.
A Drop of Water.
The water which is now in the ocean and in the river has been many times in the sky. The history of a single drop taken out of a glass of water is really a romantic one. No traveler has ever accomplished such distances in his life. That particle may have reflected the palm trees of coral islands, and has caught the sun ray in the arch that spans a cloud clearing away froth the valleys of Cumberland or California. It may have been carried by the Gulf Stream from the shores of Florida and Cuba, to be turned into a crystal of ice beside the precipices of Spitzbergen. It may have hovered over the streets of London, and have formed a part of murky fog, and have glistened on the young grass blade of April in Irish fields. It has been lifted up to heaven and sailed in great wool-pack clouds across the sky, forming part of a cloud mountain echoing. with thunder. It has hung in a fleecy veil Azientitic American.
[DECEMBER 7, 1895 A KEY RETAINING DEVICE. For holding and securing keys in asylums, prisons, hotels and other places where many keys are required to be kept for the usual service, holding them in such way that they can only be removed by one having the proper release key, the Improvement shown in the ac-companying illustration has been patented by Richard Hensley, of Salem, Oregon. Fig. 1 is a face view of the device, which is represented in section in Figs. 2 and 3, Fig. 4 showing the key. The key-holding hook is pivoted to swing down, as shown in dotted lines, and at its upper end is a bevel and notch adapted to en-gage a bolt of the lock on the rear of the face plate, as
HENSLEY'S LOCKING BOARD FOR KEYS. shown in Figs. 2 and 3, the bolt being spring-pressed and being disengaged from the hook by the release key.
THE LEBER PATENT PORTABLE FIRE ESCAPE. A simple and inexpensive portable fire escape, which may be packed in small compass to take but little room in a traveler's trunk or bag, is shown in the accompanying illustration. It has been patented by Victor Leber, and is manufactured by the Turner Machine Company, of Danbury, Conn. It consists of a clamp adapted to slide upon a rope, as shown in the small figure, the clamping or frictional pressure upon the rope being readily controlled by the person using the device. The two hinged parts of the clamp are provided with registering half grooves adapted for convenient use on different sizes of rope, and the clamp is held in gripping position upon the rope by a threaded locking lever on the outer end of which is a finger wheel. At the top and bottom of the clamp are rings through which the rope passes, affording a slight frictional brake, and at the bottom is also a double hook to which may be attached body and shoulder straps to support one the whole device is designed to be so simple and safe in its mode of operation that there shall be no reasonable possibility of a person failing to make it work properly in an emergency. This apparatus may also be conveniently employed by painters, builders and electricians, and by all engaged in work necessitating their being suspended outside build-ings. Remedial Foods. This list of food remedies compiled by the House-keeper is well worth preservation for reference : Celery is invaluable as a food for those suffering from any form of rheumatism ; for diseases of the nerves and nervous dyspepsia. Lettuce is useful for those suffering from insomnia. Water cress is a remedy for scurvy. Peanuts for indigestion ; they are especially recom-mended for corpulent diabetes. Peanuts are made into a wholesome and nutritious soup, are browned and used as coffee, are eaten as a relish, simply baked, or are prepared and served as salted almonds. Salt to check bleeding of the lungs, and as a nervine and tonic for weak, thin-blooded invalids. Combined with hot water is useful for certain forms of dyspepsia, liver complaint, etc. Onions are almost the best nervine known. No medicine is so useful in cases of nervous prostration, and there is nothing else that will so quickly relieve arid tone up it worn-out system. Onions are useful in all cases of coughs, colds and influenza ; in consump-tion, insomnia, hydrophobia, scurvy, gravel and kin-dred liver complaints. Eaten every other day, they soon have a clearing and whitening effect on the com-plexion. Spinach is useful to those suffering with gravel. Asparagus is used to induce perspiration. Carrots for suffering from asthma. Turnips for nervous disorders and for scurvy. Raw beef proves of great benefit to persons suffering from consumption. It is chopped fine, seasoned with salt, and heated by placing it in a dish in hot water. It assimilates rapidly, and affords the best of nourish-ment. Eggs contain a large amount of nutriment in a com-pact, quickly available form. Eggs, especially the yolks of eggs, are useful in jaundice. Beaten up raw with sugar are used to clear and strengthen the voice. With sugar and lemon juice, the beaten white of egg is used to relieve hoarseness. Honey is wholesome, strengthening, cleansing, heal-ing and nourishing. Fresh ripe fruits are excellent for purifying the blood and toning up the system. As specific remedies, oranges are aperient. Sour oranges are highly recom- 358
invention or manufacture, this prize shall go to the most successful American competitor. Third prize—$1,000. Fourth prize—$500. The third and fourth prizes are open to all competi-tor°, foreign and American. We present an illustration of the first prize winner. The Duryea carriage is made by the Duryea Motor Wagon Company, of Springfield, Mass. The Duryea wagon weighs about 700 pounds and is built for either two or four persons. The one shown in the engraving is arranged for two people. It is driven by two three-horse power motors, which use ordinary stove gaso-line, so that the expense of running is less than one-half cent a mile. The wagons have a carrying capacity of eight gal-lons, so that they will run from 100 to 200 miles. The wagon needs recharging with water each day, and both the gasoline and water can be supplied to the wagon in five minutes. The object of the tank of water is, of course, to prevent the motor from over-heating. Its runs backward or forward with equal facility, and has four speeds forward and one speed backward. It can be geared to different speeds to suit the roads of any locality, and may be run at any speed desired below its limit over roads over which ordinary traffic travels. The wheels of the carriage are 34 and 38 inches in diameter and are equipped with 2% inch pneumatic tires, and it is easily governed, be-ing steered and speeded by the same lever, being steered by a sidewise motion of the lever and speeded by a vertical motion. It is provided with a powerful brake, and as its motors are wholly independent, one will propel the carriage even if accident affects the other. As an electric spark explodes the charge, the danger of explosion is reduced to a minimum. A Drop of Water. The water which is now in the ocean and in the river has been many times in the sky. The history of a single drop taken out of a glass of water is really a romantic one. No traveler has ever accomplished such distances in his life. That particle may have reflected the palm trees of coral islands, and has caught the sun ray in the arch that spans a cloud clearing away froth the valleys of Cumberland or California. It may have been carried by the Gulf Stream from the shores of Florida and Cuba, to be turned into a crystal of ice beside the precipices of Spitzbergen. It may have hovered over the streets of London, and have formed a part of murky fog, and have glistened on the young grass blade of April in Irish fields. It has been lifted up to heaven and sailed in great wool-pack clouds across the sky, forming part of a cloud mountain echoing. with thunder. It has hung in a fleecy veil Azientitic American.
[DECEMBER 7, 1895 A KEY RETAINING DEVICE. For holding and securing keys in asylums, prisons, hotels and other places where many keys are required to be kept for the usual service, holding them in such way that they can only be removed by one having the proper release key, the Improvement shown in the ac-companying illustration has been patented by Richard Hensley, of Salem, Oregon. Fig. 1 is a face view of the device, which is represented in section in Figs. 2 and 3, Fig. 4 showing the key. The key-holding hook is pivoted to swing down, as shown in dotted lines, and at its upper end is a bevel and notch adapted to en-gage a bolt of the lock on the rear of the face plate, as
HENSLEY'S LOCKING BOARD FOR KEYS. shown in Figs. 2 and 3, the bolt being s
pring-pressed and being disengaged from the hook by the release key. THE LEBER PATENT PORTABLE FIRE ESCAPE. A simple and inexpensive portable fire escape, which may be packed in small compass to take but little room in a traveler's trunk or bag, is shown in the accompanying illustration. It has been patented by Victor Leber, and is manufactured by the Turner Machine Company, of Danbury, Conn. It consists of a clamp adapted to slide upon a rope, as shown in the small figure, the clamping or frictional pressure upon the rope being readily controlled by the person using the device. The two hinged parts of the clamp are provided with registering half grooves adapted for convenient use on different sizes of rope, and the clamp is held in gripping position upon the rope by a threaded locking lever on the outer end of which is a finger wheel. At the top and bottom of the clamp are rings through which the rope passes, affording a slight frictional brake, and at the bottom is also a double hook to which may be attached body and shoulder straps to support one the whole device is designed to be so simple and safe in its mode of operation that there shall be no reasonable possibility of a person failing to make it work properly in an emergency. This apparatus may also be conveniently employed by painters, builders and electricians, and by all engaged in work necessitating their being suspended outside build-ings. Remedial Foods. This list of food remedies compiled by the House-keeper is well worth preservation for reference : Celery is invaluable as a food for those suffering from any form of rheumatism ; for diseases of the nerves and nervous dyspepsia. Lettuce is useful for those suffering from insomnia. Water cress is a remedy for scurvy. Peanuts for indigestion ; they are especially recom-mended for corpulent diabetes. Peanuts are made into a wholesome and nutritious soup, are browned and used as coffee, are eaten as a relish, simply baked, or are prepared and served as salted almonds. Salt to check bleeding of the lungs, and as a nervine and tonic for weak, thin-blooded invalids. Combined with hot water is useful for certain forms of dyspepsia, liver complaint, etc. Onions are almost the best nervine known. No medicine is so useful in cases of nervous prostration, and there is nothing else that will so quickly relieve arid tone up it worn-out system. Onions are useful in all cases of coughs, colds and influenza ; in consump-tion, insomnia, hydrophobia, scurvy, gravel and kin-dred liver complaints. Eaten every other day, they soon have a clearing and whitening effect on the com-plexion. Spinach is useful to those suffering with gravel. Asparagus is used to induce perspiration. Carrots for suffering from asthma. Turnips for nervous disorders and for scurvy. Raw beef proves of great benefit to persons suffering from consumption. It is chopped fine, seasoned with salt, and heated by placing it in a dish in hot water. It assimilates rapidly, and affords the best of nourish-ment. Eggs contain a large amount of nutriment in a com-pact, quickly available form. Eggs, especially the yolks of eggs, are useful in jaundice. Beaten up raw with sugar are used to clear and strengthen the voice. With sugar and lemon juice, the beaten white of egg is used to relieve hoarseness. Honey is wholesome, strengthening, cleansing, heal-ing and nourishing. Fresh ripe fruits are excellent for purifying the blood and toning up the system. As specific remedies, oranges are aperient. Sour oranges are highly recom-
******359********
Scientific American. DECEMBER 7, 1895
DECEMBER 7, 1895
invention or manufacture, this prize shall go to the most successful American competitor. Third prize—$1,000. Fourth prize—$500. The third and fourth prizes are open to all competi-tor°, foreign and American. We present an illustration of the first prize winner. The Duryea carriage is made by the Duryea Motor Wagon Company, of Springfield, Mass. The Duryea wagon weighs about 700 pounds and is built for either two or four persons. The one shown in the engraving is arranged for two people. It is driven by two three-horse power motors, which use ordinary stove gaso-line, so that the expense of running is less than one-half cent a mile. The wagons have a carrying capacity of eight gal-lons, so that they will run from 100 to 200 miles. The wagon needs recharging with water each day, and both the gasoline and water can be supplied to the wagon in five minutes. The object of the tank of water is, of course, to prevent the motor from over-heating. Its runs backward or forward with equal facility, and has four speeds forward and one speed backward. It can be geared to different speeds to suit the roads of any locality, and may be run at any speed desired below its limit over roads over which ordinary traffic travels. The wheels of the carriage are 34 and 38 inches in diameter and are equipped with 2% inch pneumatic tires, and it is easily governed, be-ing steered and speeded by the same lever, being steered by a sidewise motion of the lever and speeded by a vertical motion. It is provided with a powerful brake, and as its motors are wholly independent, one will propel the carriage even if accident affects the other. As an electric spark explodes the charge, the danger of explosion is reduced to a minimum.
A Drop of Water.
The water which is now in the ocean and in the river has been many times in the sky. The history of a single drop taken out of a glass of water is really a romantic one. No traveler has ever accomplished such distances in his life. That particle may have reflected the palm trees of coral islands, and has caught the sun ray in the arch that spans a cloud clearing away froth the valleys of Cumberland or California. It may have been carried by the Gulf Stream from the shores of Florida and Cuba, to be turned into a crystal of ice beside the precipices of Spitzbergen. It may have hovered over the streets of London, and have formed a part of murky fog, and have glistened on the young grass blade of April in Irish fields. It has been lifted up to heaven and sailed in great wool-pack clouds across the sky, forming part of a cloud mountain echoing. with thunder. It has hung in a fleecy veil Azientitic American.
[DECEMBER 7, 1895 A KEY RETAINING DEVICE. For holding and securing keys in asylums, prisons, hotels and other places where many keys are required to be kept for the usual service, holding them in such way that they can only be removed by one having the proper release key, the Improvement shown in the ac-companying illustration has been patented by Richard Hensley, of Salem, Oregon. Fig. 1 is a face view of the device, which is represented in section in Figs. 2 and 3, Fig. 4 showing the key. The key-holding hook is pivoted to swing down, as shown in dotted lines, and at its upper end is a bevel and notch adapted to en-gage a bolt of the lock on the rear of the face plate, as
HENSLEY'S LOCKING BOARD FOR KEYS. shown in Figs. 2 and 3, the bolt being spring-pressed and being disengaged from the hook by the release key.
THE LEBER PATENT PORTABLE FIRE ESCAPE. A simple and inexpensive portable fire escape, which may be packed in small compass to take but little room in a traveler's trunk or bag, is shown in the accompanying illustration. It has been patented by Victor Leber, and is manufactured by the Turner Machine Company, of Danbury, Conn. It consists of a clamp adapted to slide upon a rope, as shown in the small figure, the clamping or frictional pressure upon the rope being readily controlled by the person using the device. The two hinged parts of the clamp are provided with registering half grooves adapted for convenient use on different sizes of rope, and the clamp is held in gripping position upon the rope by a threaded locking lever on the outer end of which is a finger wheel. At the top and bottom of the clamp are rings through which the rope passes, affording a slight frictional brake, and at the bottom is also a double hook to which may be attached body and shoulder straps to support one the whole device is designed to be so simple and safe in its mode of operation that there shall be no reasonable possibility of a person failing to make it work properly in an emergency. This apparatus may also be conveniently employed by painters, builders and electricians, and by all engaged in work necessitating their being suspended outside build-ings. Remedial Foods. This list of food remedies compiled by the House-keeper is well worth preservation for reference : Celery is invaluable as a food for those suffering from any form of rheumatism ; for diseases of the nerves and nervous dyspepsia. Lettuce is useful for those suffering from insomnia. Water cress is a remedy for scurvy. Peanuts for indigestion ; they are especially recom-mended for corpulent diabetes. Peanuts are made into a wholesome and nutritious soup, are browned and used as coffee, are eaten as a relish, simply baked, or are prepared and served as salted almonds. Salt to check bleeding of the lungs, and as a nervine and tonic for weak, thin-blooded invalids. Combined with hot water is useful for certain forms of dyspepsia, liver complaint, etc. Onions are almost the best nervine known. No medicine is so useful in cases of nervous prostration, and there is nothing else that will so quickly relieve arid tone up it worn-out system. Onions are useful in all cases of coughs, colds and influenza ; in consump-tion, insomnia, hydrophobia, scurvy, gravel and kin-dred liver complaints. Eaten every other day, they soon have a clearing and whitening effect on the com-plexion. Spinach is useful to those suffering with gravel. Asparagus is used to induce perspiration. Carrots for suffering from asthma. Turnips for nervous disorders and for scurvy. Raw beef proves of great benefit to persons suffering from consumption. It is chopped fine, seasoned with salt, and heated by placing it in a dish in hot water. It assimilates rapidly, and affords the best of nourish-ment. Eggs contain a large amount of nutriment in a com-pact, quickly available form. Eggs, especially the yolks of eggs, are useful in jaundice. Beaten up raw with sugar are used to clear and strengthen the voice. With sugar and lemon juice, the beaten white of egg is used to relieve hoarseness. Honey is wholesome, strengthening, cleansing, heal-ing and nourishing. Fresh ripe fruits are excellent for purifying the blood and toning up the system. As specific remedies, oranges are aperient. Sour oranges are highly recom- 358
invention or manufacture, this prize shall go to the most successful American competitor. Third prize—$1,000. Fourth prize—$500. The third and fourth prizes are open to all competi-tor°, foreign and American. We present an illustration of the first prize winner. The Duryea carriage is made by the Duryea Motor Wagon Company, of Springfield, Mass. The Duryea wagon weighs about 700 pounds and is built for either two or four persons. The one shown in the engraving is arranged for two people. It is driven by two three-horse power motors, which use ordinary stove gaso-line, so that the expense of running is less than one-half cent a mile. The wagons have a carrying capacity of eight gal-lons, so that they will run from 100 to 200 miles. The wagon needs recharging with water each day, and both the gasoline and water can be supplied to the wagon in five minutes. The object of the tank of water is, of course, to prevent the motor from over-heating. Its runs backward or forward with equal facility, and has four speeds forward and one speed backward. It can be geared to different speeds to suit the roads of any locality, and may be run at any speed desired below its limit over roads over which ordinary traffic travels. The wheels of the carriage are 34 and 38 inches in diameter and are equipped with 2% inch pneumatic tires, and it is easily governed, be-ing steered and speeded by the same lever, being steered by a sidewise motion of the lever and speeded by a vertical motion. It is provided with a powerful brake, and as its motors are wholly independent, one will propel the carriage even if accident affects the other. As an electric spark explodes the charge, the danger of explosion is reduced to a minimum. A Drop of Water. The water which is now in the ocean and in the river has been many times in the sky. The history of a single drop taken out of a glass of water is really a romantic one. No traveler has ever accomplished such distances in his life. That particle may have reflected the palm trees of coral islands, and has caught the sun ray in the arch that spans a cloud clearing away froth the valleys of Cumberland or California. It may have been carried by the Gulf Stream from the shores of Florida and Cuba, to be turned into a crystal of ice beside the precipices of Spitzbergen. It may have hovered over the streets of London, and have formed a part of murky fog, and have glistened on the young grass blade of April in Irish fields. It has been lifted up to heaven and sailed in great wool-pack clouds across the sky, forming part of a cloud mountain echoing. with thunder. It has hung in a fleecy veil Azientitic American.
[DECEMBER 7, 1895 A KEY RETAINING DEVICE. For holding and securing keys in asylums, prisons, hotels and other places where many keys are required to be kept for the usual service, holding them in such way that they can only be removed by one having the proper release key, the Improvement shown in the ac-companying illustration has been patented by Richard Hensley, of Salem, Oregon. Fig. 1 is a face view of the device, which is represented in section in Figs. 2 and 3, Fig. 4 showing the key. The key-holding hook is pivoted to swing down, as shown in dotted lines, and at its upper end is a bevel and notch adapted to en-gage a bolt of the lock on the rear of the face plate, as
HENSLEY'S LOCKING BOARD FOR KEYS. shown in Figs. 2 and 3, the bolt being s
pring-pressed and being disengaged from the hook by the release key. THE LEBER PATENT PORTABLE FIRE ESCAPE. A simple and inexpensive portable fire escape, which may be packed in small compass to take but little room in a traveler's trunk or bag, is shown in the accompanying illustration. It has been patented by Victor Leber, and is manufactured by the Turner Machine Company, of Danbury, Conn. It consists of a clamp adapted to slide upon a rope, as shown in the small figure, the clamping or frictional pressure upon the rope being readily controlled by the person using the device. The two hinged parts of the clamp are provided with registering half grooves adapted for convenient use on different sizes of rope, and the clamp is held in gripping position upon the rope by a threaded locking lever on the outer end of which is a finger wheel. At the top and bottom of the clamp are rings through which the rope passes, affording a slight frictional brake, and at the bottom is also a double hook to which may be attached body and shoulder straps to support one the whole device is designed to be so simple and safe in its mode of operation that there shall be no reasonable possibility of a person failing to make it work properly in an emergency. This apparatus may also be conveniently employed by painters, builders and electricians, and by all engaged in work necessitating their being suspended outside build-ings. Remedial Foods. This list of food remedies compiled by the House-keeper is well worth preservation for reference : Celery is invaluable as a food for those suffering from any form of rheumatism ; for diseases of the nerves and nervous dyspepsia. Lettuce is useful for those suffering from insomnia. Water cress is a remedy for scurvy. Peanuts for indigestion ; they are especially recom-mended for corpulent diabetes. Peanuts are made into a wholesome and nutritious soup, are browned and used as coffee, are eaten as a relish, simply baked, or are prepared and served as salted almonds. Salt to check bleeding of the lungs, and as a nervine and tonic for weak, thin-blooded invalids. Combined with hot water is useful for certain forms of dyspepsia, liver complaint, etc. Onions are almost the best nervine known. No medicine is so useful in cases of nervous prostration, and there is nothing else that will so quickly relieve arid tone up it worn-out system. Onions are useful in all cases of coughs, colds and influenza ; in consump-tion, insomnia, hydrophobia, scurvy, gravel and kin-dred liver complaints. Eaten every other day, they soon have a clearing and whitening effect on the com-plexion. Spinach is useful to those suffering with gravel. Asparagus is used to induce perspiration. Carrots for suffering from asthma. Turnips for nervous disorders and for scurvy. Raw beef proves of great benefit to persons suffering from consumption. It is chopped fine, seasoned with salt, and heated by placing it in a dish in hot water. It assimilates rapidly, and affords the best of nourish-ment. Eggs contain a large amount of nutriment in a com-pact, quickly available form. Eggs, especially the yolks of eggs, are useful in jaundice. Beaten up raw with sugar are used to clear and strengthen the voice. With sugar and lemon juice, the beaten white of egg is used to relieve hoarseness. Honey is wholesome, strengthening, cleansing, heal-ing and nourishing. Fresh ripe fruits are excellent for purifying the blood and toning up the system. As specific remedies, oranges are aperient. Sour oranges are highly recom-
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